{"id":"W4383226985","doi":"10.1080/0020739x.2023.2227191","title":"Using the Lean interactive theorem prover in undergraduate mathematics","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology","topic":"Mathematics and Applications","field":"Mathematics","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Institute for Christian Studies; University of Toronto","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Mathematical proof; Automated theorem proving; Gas meter prover; Proof assistant; Mathematical logic; Calculus (dental); Mathematics education; Computer science; Mathematics; Discrete mathematics; Programming language","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002287369,0.0001124774,0.0002303168,0.001352273,0.00007710142,0.00008225122,0.000861655,0.00006798043,0.00003328055],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003998673,0.00007444399,0.00003606266,0.001706143,0.0006008251,0.000246203,0.0001966955,0.0003184018,0.00001544492],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001973075,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006849782,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000003458814,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000009033514,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982267,0.00001755703,0.0007388751,0.000160794,0.0006474148,0.0002086582],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.997789,0.0007331465,0.0004499709,0.0002352801,0.0007450347,0.00004762837],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000005004419,0.0004381955,0.0003478987,0.00004529158,0.0000152151,0.000006480701,0.002235959,0.00001141369,0.001736514,0.9872202,0.0006875537,0.007250225],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002054988,0.00002433981,0.00004943514,0.0003369404,0.000009596049,0.0002375185,0.008407028,0.01231347,0.0009269016,0.9772139,0.000198707,0.0000766841],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9786819,0.00003226362,0.005878861,0.01217109,0.0003002567,0.0003519562,0.000001733554,0.00003175314,0.002550219],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.968969,0.00005278137,0.03065248,0.00006933224,0.0000544228,0.00002883476,3.170946e-7,0.00001254062,0.0001602183],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02477362,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4787074,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05302797099314136,"score_gpt":0.4265543391543744,"score_spread":0.373526368161233,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}