{"id":"W4384469849","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4505460","title":"'Zero Cost' Majority Attacks on Permissionless Blockchains","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Zero (linguistics); Business; Chemistry; Computer science; Philosophy; Linguistics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003286151,0.0006452159,0.001147863,0.001083008,0.001589284,0.003223218,0.001598507,0.003319117,0.00827881],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01880112,0.0006223245,0.0006735849,0.001210952,0.003634204,0.008510124,0.006278494,0.003618349,0.001359952],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001235826,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001095159,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004611764,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004586094,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9949577,0.001447506,0.0001709875,0.000490931,0.001938522,0.0009942324],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9823141,0.009883193,0.0009526412,0.005358873,0.0008540378,0.0006371902],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001137718,0.0001117879,0.0006101152,0.0001065216,0.00004892458,0.0002840497,0.000314562,0.04363138,0.01064421,0.9007161,0.005358518,0.03703612],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001058792,0.000118159,0.0002373641,0.00002521233,0.00001672643,0.0001546498,0.00006877576,0.1761502,0.008245294,0.8114384,0.003405654,0.00003357173],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4097269,0.0005455982,0.5013847,0.00669799,0.0005610116,0.0002573993,0.0004099383,0.001920129,0.07849625],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9831119,0.0001427877,0.0070789,0.0002362536,0.00007314545,0.00005293445,0.00005600352,0.00007786939,0.009170262],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.00827881,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02769542,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0144119107544101,"score_gpt":0.2725808562682895,"score_spread":0.2581689455138794,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}