{"id":"W4384501871","doi":"10.3386/w31473","title":"\"Zero Cost'' Majority Attacks on Permissionless Blockchains","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"report","venue":"National Bureau of Economic Research","topic":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Zero (linguistics); Philosophy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002060519,0.0004780749,0.0005763791,0.0006281084,0.001333046,0.00187915,0.001034458,0.001750835,0.005359337],"category_scores_gemma":[0.009664537,0.000302877,0.0005306324,0.0004382402,0.003548838,0.006205478,0.004211375,0.001846691,0.0007417931],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0009991984,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0009779214,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007741263,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0006829082,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9969207,0.0008827245,0.0001054966,0.0002931831,0.001288516,0.0005093431],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9928186,0.003656374,0.0006100908,0.001989758,0.0006111134,0.000314168],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003005012,0.0000634485,0.0006602991,0.00006919205,0.00002655618,0.0003431269,0.0002808721,0.05602465,0.01186023,0.9048537,0.002105033,0.02341243],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000104848,0.0002183441,0.000294571,0.0000390931,0.00001758383,0.0002601608,0.0001338525,0.3332829,0.02182397,0.6333075,0.01048239,0.00003485741],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3366807,0.0003185705,0.5836262,0.002799884,0.0002407385,0.0003183567,0.0001968435,0.0007259228,0.07509286],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9675279,0.0001744301,0.02042053,0.0001423159,0.00003872099,0.0001158782,0.00005594688,0.00005071327,0.01147349],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.005359337,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01792884,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.4525460346069521,"score_gpt":0.5413324388330649,"score_spread":0.08878640422611284,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}