{"id":"W4384501871","doi":"10.3386/w31473","title":"\"Zero Cost'' Majority Attacks on Permissionless Blockchains","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"report","venue":"National Bureau of Economic Research","topic":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Zero (linguistics); Philosophy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.006788491,0.0002931106,0.0005731958,0.00163722,0.0004033304,0.0001068816,0.002968992,0.0009647568,0.0001071122],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001115507,0.0002970402,0.0002265572,0.0007775155,0.0004097987,0.0001001292,0.001078653,0.001821251,0.0007568097],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001843716,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.004620155,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005622181,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001361653,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9950809,0.000191922,0.0007855432,0.001144868,0.002186714,0.0006100774],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9943175,0.001540873,0.0003674411,0.001378684,0.002214733,0.0001807701],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000007966963,0.0001443008,0.0001093239,0.00006744442,0.00007440474,0.000008402242,0.00003798357,0.0001949051,0.00001721054,0.7870661,0.2016008,0.01067117],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003772607,0.0001378421,0.0006687341,0.0001449503,0.000006762913,0.00003337605,0.00001957931,0.01386902,0.0005195026,0.8325505,0.1512915,0.00038099],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.004664728,0.0007305187,0.003559663,0.02155162,0.00273547,0.003383484,0.0005973035,0.0008778786,0.9618993],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9553894,0.002479583,0.002350384,0.0001231264,0.001184738,0.001326618,0.0005558378,0.000118057,0.03647221],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9507247,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999481,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.4525460346069521,"score_gpt":0.5413324388330649,"score_spread":0.08878640422611284,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}