{"id":"W4385377333","doi":"10.3390/diagnostics13142429","title":"Artificial Intelligence in Neurosurgery: A State-of-the-Art Review from Past to Future","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Diagnostics","topic":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":76,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Queen's University","funders":"","keywords":"Neurosurgery; Principal (computer security); Identification (biology); Epilepsy surgery; Medicine; Realm; Epilepsy; Medical physics; Intensive care medicine; Computer science; Artificial intelligence; Data science; Surgery; Psychiatry; Computer security","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001205235,0.0008615309,0.001453095,0.004651718,0.0004158673,0.002135511,0.0009402108,0.001350573,0.005075067],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002911379,0.000385238,0.0009987843,0.005815671,0.0007314312,0.002187872,0.00087317,0.001518657,0.001519057],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0009294766,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002794739,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00166699,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003090063,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995528,0.00008737963,0.000110398,0.00006966671,0.0001458123,0.00003395235],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9970868,0.002182027,0.0002492333,0.00004670212,0.0003556385,0.00007960498],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006479822,0.00006554497,0.000374616,0.0815813,0.0001969542,0.0001936073,0.0002018034,0.0003690391,0.0005591011,0.004996852,0.02904562,0.8823508],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001605603,0.000124233,0.001718922,0.04058339,0.0005449651,0.001262493,0.0002311655,0.0001952296,0.0003218026,0.00439549,0.9505625,0.00004377266],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.00007260741,0.9988569,0.00007285871,0.000322664,0.0001411207,0.000003314246,0.0000139498,0.00000473715,0.0005118286],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0004166108,0.9990216,0.0001312574,0.000150425,0.0001518315,0.000004238977,0.00001386334,0.00000102042,0.0001090642],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.005075067,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01697779,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04560822427846344,"score_gpt":0.3135644509611705,"score_spread":0.267956226682707,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}