{"id":"W4385658282","doi":"10.1029/2023gl104661","title":"Contrasting Trends and Drivers of Global Surface and Canopy Urban Heat Islands","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Geophysical Research Letters","topic":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":57,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Biological and Environmental Research; Office of Science; National Natural Science Foundation of China; Battelle; U.S. Department of Energy","keywords":"Daytime; Environmental science; Urban heat island; Global warming; Climatology; Surface air temperature; Climate change; Canopy; Urban climate; Urbanization; Atmospheric sciences; Geography; Meteorology; Physical geography; Precipitation; Geology; Oceanography; Economics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003107128,0.00008685025,0.0001324555,0.00003475529,0.0001335694,0.00002962414,0.0001017488,0.00003531969,0.00005666869],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007421177,0.00007834975,0.0000247597,0.0007388048,0.0006041629,0.0001300227,0.00021446,0.0001550411,0.00006441859],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00010748,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000009946384,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001599659,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001159904,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985254,0.0001074715,0.0001088198,0.0002860062,0.000530509,0.0004417789],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994503,0.0002474841,0.00001384501,0.0001245993,0.00001018318,0.0001536444],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003440807,0.000021909,0.633494,0.00001629551,0.00001443145,0.00002312809,0.0007039651,0.00008926223,0.3165528,0.0001533044,0.04396833,0.004928237],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004572937,0.0001123049,0.9935983,0.00001624623,0.000006010516,0.000002017345,0.0001161639,0.00299704,0.001691305,0.0002451117,0.0006585415,0.00009965069],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9956585,0.00001305333,0.00001510121,0.002500744,0.00002630013,0.00008821145,0.00002816172,0.00002851308,0.001641466],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999434,0.00001073502,0.00006759195,0.0001059634,0.0000414716,0.00000439987,0.00001026605,0.000006678174,0.0003189046],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3601044,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.319501,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0224500653156978,"score_gpt":0.2917151641410918,"score_spread":0.269265098825394,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}