{"id":"W4385756293","doi":"10.2196/48620","title":"The Role of Social Media in Health Misinformation and Disinformation During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Bibliometric Analysis","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"JMIR Infodemiology","topic":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":45,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Medical Research Council; South African Medical Research Council; Department of Science and Innovation, South Africa","keywords":"Disinformation; Misinformation; Social media; Pandemic; Dissemination; Political science; Microblogging; Information Dissemination; Public health; Internet privacy; Public relations; Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); Medicine; Computer science; World Wide Web; Law","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["bibliometrics"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005759828,0.00008038947,0.0002263728,0.009653271,0.0009643303,0.00007393786,0.0002433794,0.0001341681,0.00003122614],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003805284,0.00005073753,0.00006768554,0.04341673,0.0003416965,0.0005552432,0.00008279719,0.0001702054,0.00001631061],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001922014,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002676254,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008602108,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004003568,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980525,0.0004043502,0.0007662874,0.00007219887,0.0003323889,0.0003723043],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.997392,0.001714132,0.0005572514,0.0001269419,0.00007254093,0.0001371097],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005726902,0.000009077516,0.3265331,0.00006795493,0.00005219046,1.117883e-7,0.5793056,0.002127749,0.000007441396,0.0384234,0.00139706,0.05201912],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002694963,0.00001020386,0.9014695,0.000002413998,0.00000741809,0.00000118014,0.05683358,0.004745535,0.000001275206,0.002201902,0.0343936,0.00006384233],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9903885,0.0001322471,0.00009780395,0.005964918,0.00006441032,0.0003263914,0.00001456276,0.00007855992,0.002932588],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9975479,0.001535082,0.00001010458,0.0007661718,0.00004036002,0.00001470371,0.0000336394,0.000002323211,0.0000497433],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5749365,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9769159,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.07257178047670944,"score_gpt":0.4174131855512324,"score_spread":0.344841405074523,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}