{"id":"W4385816222","doi":"10.37213/cjal.2023.32825","title":"English-Language Proficiency Requirements for Migration to Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, and the Implications for Language Testing Research","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics","topic":"Education and experiences of immigrants and refugees","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Queen's University","funders":"University of Reading; University of Cambridge","keywords":"Language assessment; Language proficiency; Facilitator; Covert; Context (archaeology); Political science; Test of English as a Foreign Language; Language industry; Immigration; Citizenship; Test (biology); Language education; Comprehension approach; Psychology; Pedagogy; Linguistics; Geography; Law","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005279934,0.0002201993,0.0002596781,0.001864046,0.004486376,0.002948214,0.001415554,0.0006972071,0.002944344],"category_scores_gemma":[0.03342723,0.0001700101,0.0002788332,0.002498113,0.003222771,0.00160227,0.002449984,0.001397587,0.0001899955],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.01997682,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.07969639,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9054209,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9509526,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9946754,0.0008214786,0.0004654612,0.0003198653,0.002161909,0.001556012],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9743726,0.006791767,0.002649572,0.0005051219,0.01172861,0.003952429],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001764796,0.0002218762,0.7537363,0.0003573721,0.00002316463,0.001828418,0.08168641,0.0008522167,0.001238552,0.0367494,0.01114558,0.1119843],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000006367173,0.00006490084,0.8771526,0.0003409435,0.00001473746,0.0004336831,0.1105785,0.000467669,0.0004194225,0.001890388,0.008589366,0.00004142968],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9582811,0.0008531328,0.0006608356,0.00980513,0.0000630657,0.00008612146,0.0007360769,0.00001940693,0.0294952],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9967021,0.0004927827,0.0008348678,0.00034684,0.000008033352,0.00005122891,0.0002746497,0.000007533872,0.001281884],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0945791,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1902722,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1272374486912682,"score_gpt":0.418231140009877,"score_spread":0.2909936913186089,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}