{"id":"W4385830252","doi":"10.1017/9781009008655","title":"Natural Kinds","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"book","venue":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","topic":"Philosophy and History of Science","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":23,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"University of California, San Diego; Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; University of Cambridge","keywords":"Naturalism; Epistemology; Natural (archaeology); Construct (python library); Natural science; Set (abstract data type); Natural kind; Subject (documents); Computer science; Philosophy of science; Taxonomy (biology); Philosophy; Geography; Ecology; Library science","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0000774694,0.0002627954,0.0002797005,0.0002414566,0.0007377422,0.0001107737,0.0007294708,0.0001360085,0.00002707612],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000006071989,0.0002959496,0.0002125827,0.000005858129,0.001193499,0.000172983,0.0002540019,0.0005087698,0.0002973065],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002896439,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002160321,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001276589,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003384261,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988458,0.00002639114,0.0001218901,0.0004193401,0.0003047554,0.0002818599],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992312,0.000050599,0.0001330295,0.0003472994,0.0001228952,0.0001150305],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001197749,0.000003055448,1.838668e-8,0.00003356049,0.0000245291,0.0001158779,0.0005952604,1.336756e-7,0.000003109299,0.5655268,0.4335562,0.0001294983],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001807701,0.00003560579,0.000001615317,0.00009627555,0.0000775228,0.000002642727,0.0001259802,0.00001332618,0.000005837866,0.0001163121,0.9989826,0.0003614793],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.00002502428,0.0001391739,0.000001680941,0.00003512703,0.002440409,0.0001542142,0.0003520892,0.0003552626,0.996497],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0007030355,0.00001713828,0.000004155119,0.0001272954,0.001138422,5.456356e-7,0.00007914724,0.00003429609,0.997896],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5654265,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999493,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04530127583928174,"score_gpt":0.1888292450269121,"score_spread":0.1435279691876303,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}