{"id":"W4385830252","doi":"10.1017/9781009008655","title":"Natural Kinds","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"book","venue":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","topic":"Philosophy and History of Science","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":23,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"University of California, San Diego; Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; University of Cambridge","keywords":"Naturalism; Epistemology; Natural (archaeology); Construct (python library); Natural science; Set (abstract data type); Natural kind; Subject (documents); Computer science; Philosophy of science; Taxonomy (biology); Philosophy; Geography; Ecology; Library science","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001556575,0.0006073276,0.0004743001,0.002211589,0.002935234,0.006181306,0.001166814,0.00193112,0.02759146],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002961015,0.0004000148,0.0006379511,0.001846515,0.01234344,0.01050206,0.004041976,0.002741882,0.007082636],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.003767674,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002292488,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002421712,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0035052,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984138,0.0004900058,0.000104065,0.0003458398,0.0005061676,0.0001401407],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998914,0.0003697254,0.00007575761,0.0003315843,0.0002287481,0.00008018021],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000001569642,0.000001481559,0.00002779992,0.00002048636,0.000001014595,0.000008554175,0.0002241055,0.00002837533,0.00002316775,0.9879041,0.006849128,0.004910046],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000002241416,0.000003409121,0.00009155674,0.00006979939,0.000001713001,0.00009464621,0.000229448,0.00008598369,0.00005173686,0.5346798,0.4646859,0.000003820723],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.001433904,0.004531383,0.01451157,0.004572488,0.000615853,0.00006468037,0.0003013643,0.000117145,0.9738516],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.2901834,0.01344905,0.04685485,0.006015317,0.001403309,0.0006495957,0.002394812,0.0005006479,0.638549],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9970648,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.09230268,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04530127583928174,"score_gpt":0.1888292450269121,"score_spread":0.1435279691876303,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}