{"id":"W4385879858","doi":"10.1063/5.0160536","title":"Determining the flow transition from laminar to turbulence using simple spin-echo magnetic resonance techniques","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physics of Fluids","topic":"NMR spectroscopy and applications","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of New Brunswick","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"Laminar flow; Turbulence; Physics; Mechanics; Reynolds number; Hele-Shaw flow; Open-channel flow; Flow (mathematics); Laminar sublayer; Laminar flow reactor; Pipe flow; Flow measurement; Chézy formula; Flow velocity; Flow visualization","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007481196,0.0003693342,0.0003443921,0.001041416,0.000282908,0.0005575072,0.0002318533,0.0002206836,0.0003224199],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001205733,0.0002080286,0.000205003,0.0002913873,0.0005094386,0.0006328947,0.0003220555,0.0004897913,0.00009718035],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001768709,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003108614,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0009932796,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001683391,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997881,0.00004229817,0.00002600587,0.00004339931,0.00006857739,0.00003174265],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995953,0.0001450305,0.00009737669,0.00003364241,0.0000833681,0.00004524396],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001633715,0.00006310271,0.006492169,0.00008696363,0.00001834816,0.0001217808,0.0001295908,0.001189648,0.9666273,0.0007680763,0.00009332247,0.02424631],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003151674,0.0009504701,0.05449621,0.0000267057,0.00005734496,0.0003960526,0.0001315988,0.04963569,0.8903643,0.00151971,0.002300295,0.0000900813],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7226257,0.0008803809,0.274216,0.00010587,0.00005591296,0.0002195996,0.0002388546,0.0006402593,0.001017459],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8204957,0.0008180219,0.1774153,0.00007624715,0.00002817174,0.0001488991,0.000190203,0.00005956681,0.0007678674],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.001041416,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.003956437,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01834216169579992,"score_gpt":0.3284490559142056,"score_spread":0.3101068942184056,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}