{"id":"W4386436206","doi":"10.5430/wjel.v13n8p11","title":"Can Language Show-off Promote Social Status and Solidarity? An Explanatory Study of the Cognitive Attitudes of Kuwaitis towards Arabic-English Code-switching in Kuwaiti Social Domains","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"World Journal of English Language","topic":"Multilingual Education and Policy","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Solidarity; Variety (cybernetics); Code-switching; Code (set theory); Psychology; Cognition; Social psychology; Modern Standard Arabic; Arabic; Variation (astronomy); Sociology; Linguistics; Political science; Computer science; Artificial intelligence","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001920518,0.0001747679,0.0004756597,0.0004611414,0.000407616,0.00008949686,0.000374919,0.0001007928,0.00009457467],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00268032,0.0001498262,0.0001311017,0.0009625208,0.0002914478,0.0003178655,0.00009641195,0.0005965925,3.845851e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001443082,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0007281681,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.006957001,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.1086549,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9971293,0.0008505658,0.0006457163,0.0001994606,0.0007389966,0.0004360264],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9981652,0.0002611566,0.0006100219,0.0001192203,0.000672003,0.0001724272],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006149438,0.0004951811,0.03198949,0.00004335606,0.00007040835,0.00004015124,0.9432424,0.000003764856,0.0001653012,0.0006306919,0.0001309824,0.0231268],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001527058,0.0001054452,0.236273,0.0001224239,0.00005885505,9.070803e-7,0.7606708,0.000005173042,0.0001990462,0.00006506414,0.0008155303,0.0001567189],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9914337,0.0002783223,4.232992e-7,0.0002179035,0.0007356912,0.0003725484,0.0001351709,0.00003470171,0.006791527],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9977892,0.00004680363,0.00001722474,0.0001077469,0.001736818,0.00000737961,0.000007965789,0.00002338138,0.0002634946],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2042835,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996558,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03889453342797274,"score_gpt":0.3984443925065344,"score_spread":0.3595498590785617,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}