{"id":"W4386483754","doi":"10.3390/waste1030046","title":"Adsorption of Heavy Metals: Mechanisms, Kinetics, and Applications of Various Adsorbents in Wastewater Remediation—A Review","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Waste","topic":"Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":440,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Université Laval","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Adsorption; Environmental remediation; Wastewater; Sewage treatment; Metal ions in aqueous solution; Environmental science; Waste management; Contamination; Materials science; Metal; Chemistry; Environmental engineering; Engineering; Organic chemistry; Metallurgy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003485102,0.00009933866,0.0002133594,0.0001052548,0.00001674526,0.000004119061,0.0001166525,0.00005583144,0.000559359],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002796081,0.0000867803,0.00004974517,0.0006015636,0.00009155185,0.00009146018,0.0001166758,0.00005977129,0.0001997081],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003314297,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000005034325,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005262436,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005464116,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988592,0.00005639471,0.0004305042,0.0002094646,0.0002964626,0.0001479715],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995229,0.00002144344,0.0001832842,0.0002021902,0.00001338051,0.00005686357],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002419595,0.0001626648,0.001216111,0.0004361828,0.0000160708,0.000001309909,0.0001983008,0.0003821883,0.9838349,0.001747502,0.001126992,0.01085357],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.004892203,0.00103932,0.1146144,0.002581122,0.0004260798,0.00009371511,0.001375773,0.01769756,0.7575743,0.03875326,0.05920542,0.001746793],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.987577,0.001524482,0.003604934,0.001809691,0.0002256078,0.002065009,0.0001559853,0.0001279351,0.002909312],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9953321,0.002975498,0.0007187247,0.0001105159,0.00001506113,0.00003271744,0.00004092563,0.00001032016,0.0007641052],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2262606,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6124589,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01331269302116081,"score_gpt":0.2433226048789947,"score_spread":0.2300099118578338,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}