{"id":"W4386689239","doi":"10.1016/j.jgsce.2023.205116","title":"Estimating hardness and Young's modulus of shale using drill cuttings: Implications for hydraulic fracturing in shale gas reservoir development","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Gas Science and Engineering","topic":"Drilling and Well Engineering","field":"Engineering","cited_by":23,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie; University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore; University of Saskatchewan","keywords":"Oil shale; Modulus; Indentation hardness; Young's modulus; Hydraulic fracturing; Geology; Drill cuttings; Brittleness; Geotechnical engineering; Materials science; Mineralogy; Composite material; Drilling; Metallurgy; Drilling fluid; Microstructure","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006246775,0.0001865779,0.0002260195,0.0005058888,0.0001725003,0.00008035435,0.0001872799,0.00005674914,7.384151e-7],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001853778,0.0002092404,0.00002291448,0.0009416539,0.00005955565,0.000388937,0.00009583079,0.0001265483,0.000001208574],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001133687,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004342756,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000302179,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003937029,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998641,0.000002576695,0.0003300059,0.0003062939,0.0001800283,0.0005401281],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995744,0.00004597397,0.00003428171,0.0001556251,0.00006564879,0.0001241006],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[8.984645e-7,0.00000372867,0.002541214,0.0003612444,0.000006806365,0.000001254954,0.001058416,0.9440727,0.04832023,0.00004859745,0.00002220757,0.003562678],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001632514,0.000007913829,0.01364403,0.0002950444,0.000005816756,0.0000168152,0.00009562021,0.9753056,0.00988989,0.00009200755,0.0002606258,0.0002233975],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9361658,0.0001961385,0.06263055,0.00004298524,0.000389626,0.0001840473,0.000003905115,0.0002971392,0.00008981909],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9594142,0.00004401829,0.04037165,0.000005310822,0.00005698414,0.00004720116,0.000003286533,0.0000395949,0.00001775899],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03843034,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8532576,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02168559911826347,"score_gpt":0.2469879841794905,"score_spread":0.225302385061227,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}