{"id":"W4387261273","doi":"10.1017/s0954394523000170","title":"A question of change: Putting five complementary measures to the test with French polar interrogatives","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Language Variation and Change","topic":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":9,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa","funders":"","keywords":"Interrogative word; Sound change; Timeline; Linguistics; Variable (mathematics); Language change; Linguistic change; History; Econometrics; Mathematics; Philosophy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006942401,0.00005861489,0.0000840655,0.00009446655,0.0002138214,0.0000269764,0.00008612152,0.00003363774,0.00012619],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006721818,0.00004175729,0.00001317723,0.0003567274,0.00004713778,0.00007032243,0.00003914272,0.00004881004,0.00001455881],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002293096,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001972784,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.06034545,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.04949247,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992798,0.0001697159,0.0001055554,0.0001217235,0.0001859283,0.0001372866],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994944,0.0001956815,0.00008692467,0.00007845791,0.00009704837,0.00004753497],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000004805647,0.00001852858,0.005335595,0.000008994256,0.000013815,0.00000351081,0.9832563,6.392197e-7,0.0002566907,0.003724795,0.0003300556,0.007046229],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005418014,0.0002184253,0.8881294,0.0000904983,0.00004596218,0.000002121435,0.09981388,0.0005475784,0.0001153661,0.0006026257,0.009743175,0.0001491949],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8610336,0.0007100729,0.006002241,0.1211488,0.001796177,0.003726189,0.0006213875,0.0006188674,0.004342786],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9969149,0.00003108014,0.0006955862,0.001325809,0.0005861387,0.00007958246,0.00004298847,0.000005604154,0.0003183278],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8834425,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9678518,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.08124615707343322,"score_gpt":0.3505231545305991,"score_spread":0.2692769974571658,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}