{"id":"W4387271926","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4590097","title":"How Pervasive is Corporate Fraud?","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Securities Regulation and Market Practices","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":12,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Business; Internet privacy; Computer security; Computer science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001242424,0.0001402981,0.0001342272,0.0003177273,0.0003831443,0.0008915082,0.0002412998,0.00005884004,0.000322873],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000175709,0.0001256484,0.0001087058,0.0006487001,0.00003644086,0.002268432,0.00008884813,0.0007531947,0.0006280588],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001284425,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002933368,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004565944,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002401058,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9978209,0.00001793347,0.0001588059,0.0001721777,0.0003148271,0.00151533],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991875,0.00004360689,0.000440832,0.0001312036,0.0001815048,0.00001532528],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009503563,0.00004224717,0.007096792,0.00004903729,0.0002282626,0.00003246174,0.0001632059,0.00001716957,0.0002792652,0.8959408,0.04804873,0.04800695],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006066648,0.00002189703,0.002955508,0.00001614644,0.00005441697,0.00007435417,0.008884654,0.001430981,0.00001988194,0.4618642,0.5238358,0.0002355201],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8766458,0.001690567,0.001752428,0.07638901,0.001735311,0.0003093733,0.000002977406,0.0005176272,0.0409569],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.963994,0.001979585,0.00001232321,0.002510925,0.00200247,0.000005689705,0.00001693756,0.00003216392,0.02944595],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.475787,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8596835,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02578998609615693,"score_gpt":0.230487359917777,"score_spread":0.20469737382162,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}