{"id":"W4387271926","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4590097","title":"How Pervasive is Corporate Fraud?","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Securities Regulation and Market Practices","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":12,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Business; Internet privacy; Computer security; Computer science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.006248252,0.0002611049,0.0006500788,0.005572976,0.002241784,0.01350611,0.0009884745,0.005646364,0.006525006],"category_scores_gemma":[0.07697262,0.0004317552,0.0004538902,0.003630856,0.011803,0.01726861,0.00344103,0.005424911,0.001194579],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002342533,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002589244,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004021401,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004941717,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9918646,0.003448762,0.0005053433,0.001131296,0.002132457,0.0009175604],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9230252,0.04537872,0.01486904,0.003796898,0.008128479,0.004801711],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002904242,0.0003588054,0.3313255,0.0006453721,0.0003588249,0.001962682,0.01561522,0.0008895902,0.0008810309,0.2978163,0.0386252,0.3112311],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003789656,0.000127144,0.1697107,0.001847264,0.0002123731,0.007218615,0.05443295,0.001578156,0.0006313486,0.6384465,0.1256503,0.0001066507],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4213495,0.03246734,0.008003245,0.38025,0.00157329,0.00005515125,0.0006228679,0.0001143432,0.1555643],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9808797,0.007050354,0.0004411073,0.007754839,0.001774724,0.00001086332,0.00008323283,0.00002556075,0.001979574],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01350611,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.03304428,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02578998609615693,"score_gpt":0.230487359917777,"score_spread":0.20469737382162,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}