{"id":"W4387298360","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2023.129865","title":"Probing the surface forces between air bubbles and bitumen via direct force Measurements: Effects of aqueous chemistry","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Fuel","topic":"Fluid Dynamics and Mixing","field":"Engineering","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Asphalt; Aqueous solution; Surface force; Surface (topology); Chemistry; Chemical physics; Materials science; Analytical Chemistry (journal); Chemical engineering; Mechanics; Environmental chemistry; Physical chemistry; Composite material; Physics; Geometry; Engineering; Mathematics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001839035,0.0001091167,0.0001485921,0.00001865084,0.0000515284,0.00001581375,0.0001070867,0.00004688579,0.000001574695],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002901908,0.00008618896,0.0000325517,0.0001461469,0.00002464246,0.00005059911,0.00005214694,0.00007306226,0.000003811252],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002483503,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000006576179,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003318644,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000006839065,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994377,0.00001055129,0.0001255067,0.0001120347,0.0001228089,0.0001913482],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999652,0.0001296753,0.0000237325,0.0001420515,0.00001926163,0.00003322855],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000002910014,0.000006223273,0.004759491,0.002701167,0.0001820813,0.000004512195,0.0009556251,0.02998873,0.9564047,0.00001629164,0.0002916107,0.004686696],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007890845,0.00005383879,0.008404518,0.0006252077,0.000130493,0.000005176363,0.0001460456,0.1587108,0.8287952,0.0008959398,0.0009409992,0.0005027199],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9940544,0.001698763,0.001011899,0.00002717689,0.00009990182,0.0002017191,0.00000699527,0.0002272252,0.00267192],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993278,0.0001115399,0.00009955105,0.000004932705,0.00003810632,0.00001210783,0.000008849789,0.00002810919,0.000369046],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.128722,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3514684,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.008560209188905639,"score_gpt":0.1958976418184821,"score_spread":0.1873374326295765,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}