{"id":"W4387566542","doi":"10.1017/9781316718636.004","title":"Causal Models","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","topic":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Causal model; Causal inference; Conditional independence; Counterfactual thinking; Computer science; Causal theory of reference; Independence (probability theory); Representation (politics); Causal analysis; Causality (physics); Econometrics; Artificial intelligence; Mathematics; Psychology; Epistemology; Statistics; Social psychology; Philosophy; Political science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000132898,0.00039999,0.0003834161,0.0002361841,0.000203591,0.0001468352,0.001786918,0.000430243,0.000001058748],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000004540704,0.000482035,0.0002106609,0.00001868607,0.0001361205,0.0002777811,0.001147357,0.0005982864,0.0001211817],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001281889,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002201481,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001257518,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002066364,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981532,0.00003246006,0.0002017273,0.0008172177,0.0003989367,0.0003964425],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9982577,0.00007085218,0.0001630293,0.001067339,0.0001955052,0.0002455533],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000007244942,0.000003643372,4.470994e-8,0.00002717804,0.00005742301,0.0003954536,0.00004328444,0.0001587162,0.000008706458,0.969205,0.02746752,0.002625842],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006547836,0.0001228508,0.000002309147,0.0004479874,0.0001672057,0.000052687,0.00001304798,0.1940552,0.0001746687,0.007793475,0.7947989,0.001716901],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.00000248687,0.00003448398,0.3459195,0.00002850414,0.0003220254,0.0001242874,0.00006030814,0.0006343783,0.652874],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0008821952,0.000117534,0.001697367,0.00009461842,0.0001015744,7.093165e-7,0.00001915686,0.00005011203,0.9970368],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9614115,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997631,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.06011063784025437,"score_gpt":0.2150477300679527,"score_spread":0.1549370922276983,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}