{"id":"W4387722249","doi":"10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102283","title":"A framework for the definition and interpretation of the use of surrogate endpoints in interventional trials","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"EClinicalMedicine","topic":"Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":57,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences; University of Toronto; SickKids Foundation; Hospital for Sick Children; McMaster University; Women's College Hospital","funders":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre; Medical Research Council; Cancer Research UK; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences; University of Bristol; NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy; Universität Basel","keywords":"Medicine; Surrogate endpoint; Interpretation (philosophy); Medical physics; Clinical endpoint; Clinical trial; Intensive care medicine; Radiology; Internal medicine; Linguistics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":["metaresearch"],"category_scores_codex":[0.03485249,0.00007222562,0.0007950743,0.000162886,0.00004449329,0.000009963507,0.0001425912,0.00009615254,0.0001027077],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1049973,0.00005270925,0.0001873481,0.0002452069,0.000165491,0.000111886,0.00005175713,0.0001390351,0.0000265558],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000400635,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004362691,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001428622,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000096087,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9944723,0.0005227071,0.004609357,0.0002005166,0.00007201493,0.0001230553],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9611953,0.03585159,0.002574688,0.0002884193,0.000056577,0.00003337611],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005174269,0.0002749448,0.2499245,0.001213452,0.0002937737,3.76714e-7,0.00483268,0.0008092123,0.000009951228,0.7197167,0.01699857,0.005408428],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002462076,0.0002695182,0.4819455,0.001423456,0.00003593356,0.000001187859,0.0007834437,0.05750114,0.00001142658,0.4512016,0.004257376,0.0001072926],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8375168,0.001383838,0.05280073,0.1037666,0.001835625,0.001958606,0.0006256078,0.00002079722,0.0000913614],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9939927,0.0002759957,0.003102211,0.002255053,0.0001555211,0.000108631,0.00002733256,0.00001035321,0.00007222797],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2685151,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9938225,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.8427504014318827,"score_gpt":0.5664481287014865,"score_spread":0.2763022727303962,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}