{"id":"W4387951196","doi":"10.1109/ccece58730.2023.10289070","title":"Dark Web Traffic Detection Using Supervised Machine Learning","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Deep Web; Naive Bayes classifier; Random forest; Machine learning; Decision tree; Traffic classification; The Internet; Cross-validation; C4.5 algorithm; Support vector machine; Artificial intelligence; Router; Anonymity; Network packet; Data mining; Computer security; Computer network; World Wide Web","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002630119,0.0001216441,0.0001123932,0.0003299703,0.0002563813,0.00009228128,0.0003342813,0.00006047033,0.00002382856],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006979374,0.0001198153,0.00005774832,0.00137533,0.00001955516,0.0005538829,0.000184646,0.0002125168,0.00009752807],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000693827,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002680456,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002237911,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004364636,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989517,0.00006775804,0.0001712479,0.0003456274,0.0002003486,0.000263314],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994726,0.0000629301,0.00004894875,0.0002993197,0.00005514551,0.00006112168],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001128124,0.00002651958,0.0001477798,0.00002288027,0.00001419887,0.00003704884,0.0003104433,0.07924459,0.2889021,0.0005372206,0.0001150577,0.6306309],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001319712,0.00007100932,0.0000800698,0.00000617633,0.000001939679,0.00002868985,0.00002479082,0.9352645,0.06113924,0.0003879891,0.002715995,0.0001476459],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2560625,0.00001484257,0.7371193,0.00007636722,0.00021383,0.0001033063,4.40371e-7,0.005983145,0.0004262235],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9320846,0.00002112034,0.06724281,0.00006406786,0.00003687673,0.0000133213,0.000001653827,0.00001771957,0.0005178273],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8560199,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4885927,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02421034041698225,"score_gpt":0.2673377868322488,"score_spread":0.2431274464152666,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}