{"id":"W4388378554","doi":"10.1016/j.ref.2023.100511","title":"Bi-level goal programming model for simultaneous microgrid investment and tariff design: A case study in the Volta Region of Ghana","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Renewable energy focus","topic":"Energy and Environment Impacts","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Carleton University","funders":"","keywords":"Microgrid; Tariff; Rural electrification; Electrification; Environmental economics; Electricity; Investment (military); Revenue; Business; Economics; Subsidy; Renewable energy; Natural resource economics; Finance; Engineering; International economics; Market economy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001136679,0.001042777,0.00117438,0.0005025992,0.0007063413,0.001807736,0.001033134,0.002106932,0.005965156],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001882562,0.0009132457,0.0008515847,0.000766231,0.000675247,0.0008373038,0.001034129,0.001603144,0.0003352766],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001637168,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00219251,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.03185144,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.03177533,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995546,0.0002403301,0.00001228939,0.00005672977,0.00003971746,0.0000963473],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988048,0.0009165066,0.0000752604,0.00002146878,0.00009548546,0.00008648723],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006461241,0.00005061397,0.0004833425,0.00003726031,0.00001930869,0.0001634729,0.0000496387,0.9936519,0.0002863594,0.002621814,0.0002490383,0.002322723],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002988294,0.00004907113,0.000207181,0.000006764028,0.00001174829,0.00001452848,0.00007346755,0.998235,0.00008843803,0.001043982,0.0002354536,0.000004562789],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5405788,0.000676968,0.4230565,0.001511836,0.00008719587,0.0004479331,0.0009175022,0.0004850583,0.03223816],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9584647,0.0001631335,0.03608931,0.00006078489,0.000008705809,0.0002026509,0.0001444515,0.00003933478,0.004826831],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03185144,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.06333208,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05260396628347116,"score_gpt":0.2551644916074868,"score_spread":0.2025605253240156,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}