{"id":"W4388668366","doi":"10.3389/fevo.2023.1293311","title":"Climate change and human footprint increase insect defoliation across central boreal forests of Canada","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution","topic":"Fire effects on ecosystems","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":9,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"World Wildlife Fund Canada; Toronto Metropolitan University; Carbon Engineering (Canada); McMaster University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs; World Wildlife Fund","keywords":"Spruce budworm; Choristoneura fumiferana; Climate change; Geography; Ecology; Lymantria dispar; Taiga; Population; Mountain pine beetle; Environmental science; Forestry; Biology; Tortricidae; Lepidoptera genitalia","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003723518,0.00007560802,0.0001400599,0.00004410499,0.0001427103,0.000004481936,0.0000528703,0.00008972891,0.000003285775],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004413353,0.00007925485,0.00001071294,0.0001537738,0.0001140938,0.00009335797,0.0001073133,0.00006995448,0.00000134422],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004553676,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001537099,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.3324836,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9265575,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991175,0.00008547161,0.0001544749,0.0001850968,0.00008369365,0.0003737902],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997547,0.00002489693,0.00007379446,0.00007723981,0.000003570733,0.00006585462],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003092524,0.00001428355,0.9962923,0.00003229277,0.000004003347,0.000007361637,0.0003438271,0.00007486925,0.00008245168,0.00007275695,0.0009300704,0.002114882],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003817938,0.00007922854,0.9874275,0.00001267047,0.000004365903,0.000004228026,0.0001349665,0.01134579,0.00003752011,0.0004445968,0.00005474512,0.00007262395],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9989165,0.00004254225,0.00002539765,0.00007597987,0.0004862802,0.000262426,0.00003036931,0.00001731482,0.000143179],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9997851,0.00003344022,0.00006014381,0.00001750758,0.00002403135,0.00004087971,0.00002064085,0.000005683914,0.00001252829],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.594074,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6719615,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.007792106992426489,"score_gpt":0.209298119074647,"score_spread":0.2015060120822205,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}