{"id":"W4388668366","doi":"10.3389/fevo.2023.1293311","title":"Climate change and human footprint increase insect defoliation across central boreal forests of Canada","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution","topic":"Fire effects on ecosystems","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":9,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"World Wildlife Fund Canada; Toronto Metropolitan University; Carbon Engineering (Canada); McMaster University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs; World Wildlife Fund","keywords":"Spruce budworm; Choristoneura fumiferana; Climate change; Geography; Ecology; Lymantria dispar; Taiga; Population; Mountain pine beetle; Environmental science; Forestry; Biology; Tortricidae; Lepidoptera genitalia","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002636648,0.0002203123,0.0002449343,0.0009560197,0.002319132,0.0011383,0.0005350418,0.0002354645,0.002291771],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0008658086,0.0001504271,0.0003907036,0.002146664,0.0006602413,0.0003618123,0.0006645626,0.0004182786,0.000129055],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.01728834,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0203239,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9963011,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9986998,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999647,0.00002266793,0.00001531985,0.0000823904,0.00009112614,0.0001413967],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988658,0.00005241971,0.0002311982,0.00004072139,0.0005035862,0.0003061847],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006763461,0.00002221372,0.9828916,0.0000572941,0.00009201667,0.0001632486,0.00163227,0.0003109736,0.0006712425,0.0003062376,0.003336807,0.0104486],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000002443546,0.000003440071,0.9970068,0.00001951898,0.00001255478,0.00003451713,0.001150474,0.0001456689,0.00002617801,0.00002347591,0.001569727,0.000005243546],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.984591,0.001515821,0.000203323,0.001114531,0.00003017565,0.00002639596,0.005848556,0.00002858041,0.006641632],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9970834,0.0005043951,0.0001613017,0.0001419222,0.000005590823,0.000008096226,0.001036463,0.000007252927,0.001051595],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01728834,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1254363,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.007792106992426489,"score_gpt":0.209298119074647,"score_spread":0.2015060120822205,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}