{"id":"W4388725835","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4606234","title":"The Long Shadow of Housing Discrimination: Evidence from Racial Covenants","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":9,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Covenant; Shadow (psychology); Racism; Housing discrimination; Economics; Labour economics; Political science; Law; Psychology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.006852177,0.0002118005,0.0006418383,0.001618105,0.004327736,0.002545495,0.00156033,0.002164853,0.01123455],"category_scores_gemma":[0.03224776,0.0002813838,0.0003011402,0.002948514,0.006346654,0.002979432,0.003824887,0.001888643,0.0006685077],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0008082299,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001083381,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02198042,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.04696108,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9951067,0.002403576,0.0001662756,0.0006482229,0.0008440894,0.00083108],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9566898,0.02160425,0.01188983,0.003743354,0.003712105,0.002360744],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00130608,0.000805035,0.8895584,0.000215807,0.0003295501,0.0003497611,0.02163011,0.0002174463,0.0004350482,0.04348486,0.004979462,0.03668835],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00006913883,0.0002325241,0.9360983,0.0003407005,0.0002645622,0.0001963993,0.03866072,0.000314772,0.0004236649,0.01217181,0.01119494,0.00003241251],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9608488,0.002561295,0.0003016586,0.004437766,0.00005805453,0.00000951046,0.0002082877,0.000002082026,0.03157252],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9984177,0.0003668564,0.00003487225,0.0004054171,0.00004892263,0.000004094308,0.00007242241,0.000003127578,0.0006466973],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02198042,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.04370493,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04480336099066499,"score_gpt":0.3329271693682356,"score_spread":0.2881238083775706,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}