{"id":"W4388860109","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.3c06946","title":"Methane Emissions from Abandoned Oil and Gas Wells in Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada: The Role of Surface Casing Vent Flows","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Environmental Science & Technology","topic":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":28,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Environment and Climate Change Canada; Petroleum Technology Alliance Canada; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; McGill University","keywords":"Casing; Methane; Wellhead; Greenhouse gas; Environmental science; Methane emissions; Fossil fuel; Groundwater; Water well; Aquifer; Hydrology (agriculture); Environmental engineering; Geology; Petroleum engineering; Waste management; Geotechnical engineering; Engineering; Oceanography; Chemistry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004159168,0.0005852216,0.000268456,0.001601422,0.001669409,0.001275245,0.0006130385,0.0003570202,0.0005188616],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005237185,0.0002561385,0.0004168166,0.003498884,0.0009309328,0.0003149261,0.0005310797,0.0003097863,0.00008166887],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.02277387,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.02125981,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9935167,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9975236,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995048,0.00003321626,0.00002497196,0.00009186177,0.0002131518,0.0001319137],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991924,0.00007859957,0.0001250295,0.00002045831,0.0004886126,0.00009482237],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001373282,0.00002868908,0.9758591,0.00008610865,0.00008411154,0.0003877157,0.0006593672,0.00277861,0.007631977,0.0001664218,0.0003544132,0.0118261],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00000866651,0.00002870015,0.9923918,0.00003956276,0.00005441032,0.00006875734,0.001951563,0.002781681,0.001574666,0.00006769207,0.001003218,0.00002936185],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9964206,0.0003655378,0.0003056552,0.00009192903,0.000004433993,0.00002256406,0.001055448,0.00001301474,0.001720778],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9973474,0.0004576619,0.0005773686,0.00004903736,0.000001806536,0.00001010924,0.0006288177,0.00000454462,0.0009233269],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02277387,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1652368,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.002629500408895985,"score_gpt":0.1745920157404585,"score_spread":0.1719625153315625,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}