{"id":"W4388990549","doi":"10.1016/j.econmod.2023.106600","title":"Discrepancy and cross-regional bias in sovereign credit ratings: Analyzing the role of public debt","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Economic Modelling","topic":"Credit Risk and Financial Regulations","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":12,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Université de Moncton","funders":"","keywords":"Disadvantage; Sovereignty; Credit rating; Sovereign credit; Economics; Debt; Latin Americans; Development economics; Credit risk; Political science; Financial system; Macroeconomics; Actuarial science; Credit default swap","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.009188479,0.0002259946,0.0008134054,0.0007507527,0.0002906539,0.002169368,0.00116158,0.001611945,0.002137342],"category_scores_gemma":[0.05205251,0.0002970468,0.0008460988,0.001222533,0.001352812,0.002085408,0.001010357,0.001913676,0.0002904293],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001080729,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005595245,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01236865,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.008015758,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984272,0.000973143,0.00007243242,0.0002781776,0.0001209612,0.000128191],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9504264,0.03547662,0.008009041,0.003348953,0.001916348,0.0008226426],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0009160238,0.0002056339,0.6546968,0.0001298337,0.0006697946,0.0006571896,0.001816908,0.1991623,0.001796932,0.1162776,0.003594819,0.02007615],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001334837,0.0001886833,0.2889563,0.00006533742,0.0002928463,0.0003145211,0.001272888,0.631758,0.001128262,0.07367995,0.002134886,0.00007483931],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9858842,0.0005945378,0.01091592,0.001007438,0.00002368273,0.000007096584,0.0001416154,0.00003184603,0.001393644],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9988741,0.00009501146,0.0004902553,0.00002718956,0.0000192687,0.000002724909,0.0000720496,0.00001114034,0.000408194],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01236865,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.04859388,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.09341778440231725,"score_gpt":0.2613612402974202,"score_spread":0.167943455895103,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}