{"id":"W4389070027","doi":"10.1146/annurev-linguistics-022421-064837","title":"Biased Polar Questions","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Annual Review of Linguistics","topic":"Discourse Analysis in Language Studies","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"University of Toronto; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","keywords":"Negation; Linguistics; Divergence (linguistics); Empirical evidence; Psychology; Epistemology; Philosophy","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004933144,0.0001017105,0.0003116246,0.00009382982,0.0001385526,0.00001869352,0.0001527985,0.00001457031,0.0008412878],"category_scores_gemma":[0.009735973,0.0000808898,0.0001459747,0.000142655,0.000218121,0.00002198875,0.00006078014,0.00007111738,0.0004242933],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000007582089,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003283437,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001624963,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001338732,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999107,0.00005578616,0.0003478233,0.0001172006,0.0002181028,0.0001540811],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985501,0.0002001306,0.0001325398,0.0002472383,0.000836085,0.0000339125],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000001902171,0.00005763127,0.00006169754,0.003018795,0.0001763972,0.00002781555,0.009061822,0.000002491952,0.000001003442,0.7106065,0.2719487,0.005035273],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003455604,0.00003591158,0.00004130039,0.002699251,0.0002331061,2.156216e-7,0.003068257,0.000009814305,0.00000349717,0.001025837,0.9927504,0.00009782996],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.0005123885,0.1478411,0.00001830851,0.001155481,0.002123097,0.0002866546,0.00134975,0.0002964727,0.8464167],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.6838609,0.2389569,0.0008496041,0.005801247,0.01042851,0.00006725467,0.0007365276,0.0001056978,0.05919334],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7872233,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9986054,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03709221941745003,"score_gpt":0.3431239129393999,"score_spread":0.3060316935219499,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}