{"id":"W4389166481","doi":"10.1016/j.physleta.2023.129248","title":"Nonlinear electrodynamics without singularities","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physics Letters A","topic":"Quantum and Classical Electrodynamics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Canadian Quantum Research Center; University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Quantum electrodynamics; Gravitational singularity; Unitarity; Electromagnetic field; Coulomb; Nonlinear system; Electric field; Point particle; Causality (physics); Electric charge; Coulomb's law; Charge (physics); Point (geometry); Negative energy; Classical electromagnetism; Electromagnetism; Electron; Classical mechanics; Quantum mechanics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007883645,0.0002111651,0.0002311749,0.00004835245,0.0001687028,0.00008500047,0.0002029959,0.00002853841,0.00003426754],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00000350829,0.0002108279,0.0001628193,0.0004888726,0.00009023497,0.000134762,0.00005951367,0.0002848453,0.0003042905],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003305126,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004215664,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005469768,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003413647,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987106,0.0000293939,0.0001771331,0.0002907372,0.000225326,0.0005668189],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994869,0.00005277243,0.00006906461,0.0002772619,0.00003600025,0.00007798814],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000493403,0.0004319901,0.0317617,0.00005600055,0.0003963175,0.00001950895,0.000610739,0.00211247,0.2750977,0.6486374,0.01181242,0.02901444],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002007513,0.0002221986,0.003522175,0.00007076396,0.0002025395,0.000003504685,0.0003840019,0.7273855,0.01971448,0.2230094,0.02151036,0.001967523],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9523816,0.00000771026,0.04142197,0.002136037,0.0001775117,0.0001290599,0.00004298705,0.0002817742,0.003421403],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99675,0.00000272178,0.0005483712,0.0006377516,0.001193736,0.00002636875,0.0002216468,0.00005486762,0.0005645386],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7252731,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8597313,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.007423814688193167,"score_gpt":0.2368086704660308,"score_spread":0.2293848557778377,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}