{"id":"W4389180615","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/18/11/t11004","title":"Tools for estimating fake/non-prompt lepton backgrounds with the ATLAS detector at the LHC","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Instrumentation","topic":"Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":22,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"York University; University of British Columbia; Simon Fraser University; TRIUMF; Carleton University; University of Alberta; Université de Montréal; Institute of Particle Physics; University of Victoria; McGill University; University of Toronto","funders":"H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions; Royal Society; Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique; European Social Fund; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia; Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules; Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; Science and Technology Facilities Council; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Narodowa Agencja Wymiany Akademickiej; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; National Research Center \"Kurchatov Institute\"; British Columbia Knowledge Development Fund; Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; European Regional Development Fund; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Israel Science Foundation; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico; Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Wirtschaft; Generalitat de Catalunya; Generalitat Valenciana; Austrian Science Fund; Ministerstvo Školství, Mládeže a Tělovýchovy; U.S. Department of Energy; National Natural Science Foundation of China; European Commission; Leverhulme Trust; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo; Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Agence Nationale de la Recherche; National Science Foundation; Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung; TRIUMF; Compute Canada; Danmarks Grundforskningsfond; Türkiye Enerji, Nükleer ve Maden Araştırma Kurumu; Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo; Services Fédéraux des Affaires Scientifiques, Techniques et Culturelles; Canarie; Centres de Recerca de Catalunya; CERN; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación","keywords":"Lepton; Large Hadron Collider; Physics; Particle physics; Atlas (anatomy); Detector; Hadron; Atlas detector; Nuclear physics; Electron; Optics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002019626,0.00008635776,0.0001109762,0.00001426416,0.0003925861,0.0001045435,0.0001090204,0.00000836952,0.00005182587],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000007058123,0.00004060733,0.00008582683,0.000130891,0.00009449391,0.0002432787,0.00004596189,0.00007531045,0.00002530419],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004342611,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001518261,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001240047,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001723184,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993801,0.00002504554,0.0001955571,0.00006915745,0.0001751248,0.0001549839],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994007,0.0002330059,0.0002079787,0.00006859712,0.00005922276,0.00003053024],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001105745,0.0002404938,0.01914155,0.0000495274,0.001100411,0.00000289807,0.01098051,0.005385888,0.4849731,0.02359512,0.009380556,0.4440442],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002177367,0.0007193137,0.004427537,0.00007547023,0.0001344223,0.000006411983,0.0176993,0.01164892,0.9452549,0.01661861,0.001037874,0.0001998544],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9899631,0.00001082218,0.007672134,0.001546974,0.0001469795,0.0001848299,0.000008323686,0.000005986749,0.0004609094],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9983699,0.000001114501,0.001125096,0.00003200025,0.0003388578,0.00004233085,0.000009776904,0.000009252112,0.00007169247],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4602818,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3019495,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0236751339899898,"score_gpt":0.2951439875544443,"score_spread":0.2714688535644545,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). 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