{"id":"W4389195056","doi":"10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023","title":"Global Carbon Budget 2023","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Earth system science data","topic":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":1362,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program; Ocean Acidification Program; Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School; Japan Meteorological Agency; National Key Research and Development Program of China; Hakai Institute; Horizon 2020 Framework Programme; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts; Natural Environment Research Council; Vlaamse regering; Norges Forskningsråd; National Cancer Institute; HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme; Nuclear Safety and Security Commission; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities; Sight Research UK; National Centre for Atmospheric Science; Ministry of the Environment, Government of Japan; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; European Commission; UK Research and Innovation; National Science Foundation; Royal Society; Helmholtz Association; Ministry of Environment; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency; University of Miami; National Natural Science Foundation of China; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement; Tula Foundation; National Computational Infrastructure; National Center for Atmospheric Research","keywords":"Biosphere; Environmental science; Carbon cycle; Greenhouse gas; Carbon sink; Climate change; Biogeochemistry; Sink (geography); Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere; Global change; Atmospheric sciences; Climatology; Land use, land-use change and forestry; Land use; Oceanography; Ecosystem; Geology; Ecology","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001312834,0.00184884,0.0008168879,0.001545346,0.0006716916,0.002411085,0.0009629462,0.002107995,0.1315258],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001391337,0.0003792025,0.0007020861,0.003413034,0.0004582577,0.002135455,0.001464286,0.001899569,0.08623628],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00353488,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.007222366,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.03476536,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01719439,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999531,0.00007290385,0.00002235843,0.00008224049,0.000195644,0.00009575467],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994897,0.00003040176,0.00003481098,0.0000443522,0.0003391832,0.00006153162],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002219641,0.00003857389,0.0009716811,0.0009269299,0.00007642463,0.00009433537,0.00003807516,0.001152767,0.001456937,0.02755656,0.7538976,0.2135681],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001941003,0.00001254875,0.0006600048,0.000129682,0.000008986946,0.00002458389,0.00001809124,0.0001662924,0.0001888744,0.002980617,0.9957843,0.000006651644],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.00355038,0.02319778,0.00687646,0.03078559,0.01523696,0.0005340248,0.2713788,0.002832295,0.6456078],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.07455323,0.03721449,0.0242183,0.0202254,0.002930351,0.003462053,0.3031699,0.001897875,0.5323285],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.1315258,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4399975,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0157436504223304,"score_gpt":0.2397681424488851,"score_spread":0.2240244920265548,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}