{"id":"W4389205093","doi":"10.1002/aet2.10924","title":"Brain versus bot: Distinguishing letters of recommendation authored by humans compared with artificial intelligence","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"AEM Education and Training","topic":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","field":"Medicine","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Popularity; Promotion (chess); Psychology; Quality (philosophy); Certainty; Artificial intelligence; Medical education; Computer science; Social psychology; Medicine; Epistemology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01388488,0.000274046,0.0004867597,0.001136876,0.0006021113,0.003098907,0.0003782681,0.0009887565,0.003010883],"category_scores_gemma":[0.159467,0.0002237747,0.0003154913,0.0004598027,0.001377913,0.002225433,0.0008765612,0.0006124454,0.0009239704],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006496484,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006934891,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007388132,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0010879,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9875839,0.00783777,0.0009598962,0.0009314658,0.002319545,0.0003675057],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.7853816,0.1709212,0.02740585,0.004426466,0.008577739,0.003287244],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.01885227,0.00116384,0.6471061,0.002420742,0.0005013414,0.00105998,0.06397966,0.001155435,0.02584104,0.002648863,0.004391623,0.2308791],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005064753,0.008937456,0.9270942,0.0007923706,0.0003934857,0.002451953,0.02704332,0.009233525,0.0116474,0.003556992,0.008134612,0.0002082134],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9933798,0.0002631932,0.002265333,0.0002778906,0.00005721487,0.0001352619,0.00004373641,0.00006080718,0.003516759],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.996443,0.00009969456,0.002603006,0.0001948553,0.00002891173,0.00008713079,0.00002988473,0.00001508895,0.0004985722],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01388488,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.07343107,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.3050180433426581,"score_gpt":0.4551888863008046,"score_spread":0.1501708429581465,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}