{"id":"W4389429361","doi":"10.1126/science.adi5177","title":"Toward a Cenozoic history of atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub>","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":195,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Brandon University","funders":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council; Natural Environment Research Council; Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University; National Natural Science Foundation of China; UK Research and Innovation; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; National Centers for Environmental Information; Sight Research UK; Vetenskapsrådet; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere; Cenozoic; Earth system science; Climate change; Environmental science; Cryosphere; Climate sensitivity; Fidelity; Geologic record; Earth science; Carbon dioxide; Climatology; Carbon cycle; Physical geography; Geology; Paleontology; Ecology; Climate model; Geography; Oceanography; Biology; Ecosystem; Computer science; Sea ice","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001077189,0.0000743751,0.0001372909,0.00007267899,0.0001387774,0.000008388452,0.0005351527,0.00005989622,0.0007500777],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001818038,0.00006293598,0.00003553494,0.001118689,0.002104238,0.0001809823,0.0000286359,0.0001441891,0.002879241],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000005760699,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000586185,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005805797,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002355396,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986094,0.00006595663,0.0001410301,0.0002911784,0.0003845874,0.00050791],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993646,0.0001754382,0.00005153351,0.0002102716,0.00006310511,0.0001350595],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001096824,0.000005028761,0.9924337,0.00001634331,0.000002363536,0.00002943228,0.0004195437,0.0001911092,0.002343348,0.00005363968,0.00127684,0.003217694],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001066478,0.0001059759,0.9878833,0.000006406891,0.000002742227,0.00003056899,0.0001254939,0.005375648,0.00271796,0.0005571007,0.002996615,0.00009150302],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9787579,0.0007189798,0.000008918982,0.0002241174,0.0006347735,0.00007635432,0.000006060745,0.00005811579,0.0195148],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9989056,0.0001379382,0.0001303009,0.00009393831,0.0000178457,0.000001093425,0.0000105435,0.000001285198,0.0007014278],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02014774,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9978971,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03573572425136724,"score_gpt":0.2485150043175386,"score_spread":0.2127792800661714,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}