{"id":"W4389429361","doi":"10.1126/science.adi5177","title":"Toward a Cenozoic history of atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub>","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":195,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Brandon University","funders":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council; Natural Environment Research Council; Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University; National Natural Science Foundation of China; UK Research and Innovation; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; National Centers for Environmental Information; Sight Research UK; Vetenskapsrådet; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere; Cenozoic; Earth system science; Climate change; Environmental science; Cryosphere; Climate sensitivity; Fidelity; Geologic record; Earth science; Carbon dioxide; Climatology; Carbon cycle; Physical geography; Geology; Paleontology; Ecology; Climate model; Geography; Oceanography; Biology; Ecosystem; Computer science; Sea ice","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001155533,0.0003327771,0.0001279785,0.0007214961,0.0005533234,0.00186261,0.0002597611,0.000385568,0.002178858],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003621123,0.0002073664,0.0001057693,0.001054994,0.001040799,0.001327116,0.0009845912,0.0008803693,0.0002362973],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001006826,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001446378,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01818646,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.04454455,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998391,0.00004350549,0.00001394597,0.00005048001,0.0000390003,0.00001395968],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992779,0.0001164992,0.0001681088,0.000106027,0.0002887841,0.00004278635],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004705953,0.00006777002,0.6776958,0.0006922893,0.0003081337,0.000344373,0.002458386,0.03777945,0.0590461,0.07118881,0.00288826,0.14706],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002581974,0.0001309526,0.8322349,0.0002797407,0.0002876139,0.000370821,0.002577565,0.03412037,0.01725014,0.0161449,0.0965075,0.00006969582],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9043846,0.005742965,0.06811175,0.002979434,0.0001706823,0.00005275217,0.002773779,0.0002795462,0.01550451],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9746011,0.001745294,0.02184542,0.0001990785,0.00003126327,0.00000944944,0.00071739,0.00006027578,0.0007907212],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01818646,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.03616118,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03573572425136724,"score_gpt":0.2485150043175386,"score_spread":0.2127792800661714,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}