{"id":"W4389451886","doi":"10.3390/computers12120255","title":"A Systematic Review of Using Machine Learning and Natural Language Processing in Smart Policing","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Computers","topic":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":36,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Ontario Tech University","funders":"Mitacs","keywords":"Law enforcement; Computer science; Artificial intelligence; Process (computing); Enforcement; Computer security; Machine learning; Data science; Political science; Law","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004826246,0.00120698,0.003059413,0.01197612,0.0005302105,0.002070593,0.001726051,0.001620436,0.007032436],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02503972,0.0006343881,0.003355502,0.01136699,0.0008543432,0.002553403,0.001244118,0.001248941,0.001109458],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002050553,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01144182,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005981073,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01721626,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9970645,0.0008723388,0.0009888699,0.0002609924,0.0007237991,0.000089379],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9793944,0.01603831,0.001922068,0.0002968911,0.002127301,0.0002209024],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"systematic_review","study_design_gemma":"systematic_review","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008348616,0.00004062777,0.0004399915,0.5614857,0.000994719,0.0001223218,0.000219715,0.0002701632,0.0002512337,0.001490257,0.01076444,0.4238373],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00005474094,0.0001721453,0.00275705,0.7222498,0.005950205,0.0006391627,0.0002879455,0.0001586384,0.0003016393,0.00169651,0.2656836,0.00004853702],"study_design_candidate":"systematic_review","study_design_consensus":"systematic_review","genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.000131,0.9986727,0.0001885672,0.0003178045,0.0001003029,0.00004540076,0.0001014648,0.000007313154,0.0004355234],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0008621441,0.9983291,0.0003639292,0.0001949709,0.00004227678,0.00005102954,0.00006792887,0.000002699115,0.00008589144],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01197612,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02552396,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02771198561912017,"score_gpt":0.3150183600637176,"score_spread":0.2873063744445974,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}