{"id":"W4389915272","doi":"10.1007/s10611-023-10134-6","title":"Is democracy responsible for persistent corruption in some developing countries? The case of Ghana","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crime Law and Social Change","topic":"Corruption and Economic Development","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Manitoba","funders":"","keywords":"Democracy; Language change; Developing country; Development economics; Political science; Political economy; Economic growth; Economics; Law; Philosophy; Politics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009873953,0.00006045507,0.0001261233,0.00006282845,0.0009721288,0.00004540214,0.00006924693,0.00007321735,0.0000523901],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003098744,0.00005587145,0.00005644114,0.0001505695,0.0001789481,0.0001546173,0.00004077539,0.00004262344,0.00001833238],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001498287,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001543283,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003757096,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.009007907,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993452,0.00006626859,0.0001605698,0.0001303152,0.00007357969,0.0002240539],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996617,0.0001454523,0.00006136538,0.00004596028,0.00005498645,0.00003049217],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004186465,0.000008675863,0.0003463274,0.00004959075,0.00001322,0.00001080317,0.2301022,1.072179e-7,0.000006200402,0.7613283,0.000724211,0.007368457],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001191169,0.00006371787,0.01571867,0.00006832692,0.00004689333,0.00001015802,0.2142521,0.0002754767,0.00007460498,0.01795265,0.7499422,0.0004040039],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.957759,0.0001649406,0.00001372112,0.03737479,0.0004942327,0.0005654686,0.00003547148,0.00004161115,0.003550724],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9940242,0.0003174662,0.00004028553,0.003808523,0.0002551834,0.00007458461,0.000008297067,0.000006718143,0.001464732],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.749218,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7476926,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1685621054153829,"score_gpt":0.3648646799173836,"score_spread":0.1963025745020006,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}