{"id":"W4390056983","doi":"10.33137/twpl.v46i1.39252","title":"What's in a copula?","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics","topic":"Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"McGill University","keywords":"Copula (linguistics); Morpheme; Linguistics; Contrast (vision); Mathematics; Invariant (physics); Semantic property; Range (aeronautics); Computer science; Philosophy; Artificial intelligence","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005592147,0.000211487,0.0002955366,0.0001572993,0.0001477434,0.0003534276,0.0002355062,0.0001007931,0.0006709146],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003618439,0.0002322122,0.00005878718,0.0001083832,0.0001048664,0.00005410536,0.00007996988,0.0002046989,0.0001332381],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004190288,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005126232,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.007805462,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.1546787,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982889,0.00006680063,0.0005166034,0.0003414184,0.0002970793,0.0004892409],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990398,0.0003797894,0.0001270186,0.0002979074,0.00009699873,0.00005844837],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003119941,0.00008065168,0.007803531,0.00005515173,0.00002274586,0.000142043,0.1229973,0.0003501151,0.000008987337,0.8604676,0.0003019948,0.007738734],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001677881,0.0001085656,0.01185752,0.002004706,0.0000684645,0.000001955207,0.09894398,0.0104077,0.0000123914,0.1012746,0.7725136,0.001128638],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.03221192,0.0008606378,0.000009881559,0.00232915,0.05498326,0.0006221263,0.00001325267,0.0007251668,0.9082446],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9904177,0.0002879023,0.0004174083,0.0001997145,0.005239701,0.00002495663,0.00004247382,0.00005068457,0.003319518],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9582057,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9988016,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03814806290153441,"score_gpt":0.2696302230825946,"score_spread":0.2314821601810602,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}