{"id":"W4390066839","doi":"10.3138/gsi-2023-0004","title":"Penal Battalions and Genocidal Warfare: History's Warnings, Wagner's Global Footprint, and Ukraine","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Genocide Studies International","topic":"Global Security and Public Health","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Framing (construction); Political science; Law; Criminology; Terrorism; Politics; History; Sociology","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001018972,0.0001476986,0.000201686,0.00008631169,0.0007382279,0.0000676148,0.0002599977,0.00009199065,0.0002713234],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001061831,0.0001485268,0.00005409618,0.0002459392,0.000694935,0.0001492213,0.0004124148,0.00015364,0.0000510502],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0008466305,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002390541,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00390485,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004751095,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982557,0.0001398222,0.0002484217,0.0003517324,0.0005447671,0.0004595288],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991409,0.0001783479,0.00009727013,0.00009459831,0.0002574145,0.0002315363],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005704295,0.00003174873,0.03964124,0.00007075011,0.0007073244,0.0001017873,0.1257062,0.00001209962,0.0000426698,0.4636644,0.254909,0.1150556],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003116751,0.00003880911,0.04963492,0.00001439399,0.00001426595,0.00001414025,0.009245074,0.0000246944,7.643105e-7,0.02216703,0.9183737,0.0001605573],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7257476,0.01649906,0.0001149675,0.1014313,0.005736426,0.0005004633,0.0002310277,0.0005417959,0.1491974],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9803283,0.01257614,0.0009054949,0.001492901,0.001121044,0.00003264022,0.00004759907,0.00001250372,0.003483438],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6634646,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6056747,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0698765642592265,"score_gpt":0.381835072328757,"score_spread":0.3119585080695305,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}