{"id":"W4390774937","doi":"10.1080/13670050.2023.2290482","title":"Effective bilingual education in Francophone West Africa: constraints and possibilities","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism","topic":"Second Language Learning and Teaching","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":16,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"York University; University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"French; Bilingual education; Literacy; Quality (philosophy); Languages of Africa; Neuroscience of multilingualism; First language; Political science; Economic growth; Pedagogy; Sociology; Psychology; Geography; Medicine; Economics; Linguistics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000945448,0.0001875629,0.0002468133,0.0007985787,0.0001011305,0.0005790375,0.0001626197,0.00007884615,0.0006314729],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0008452899,0.000153996,0.00008796572,0.00008998044,0.0003633607,0.0003977626,0.00003907448,0.0005290881,0.00001001854],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001158306,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002305221,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008074186,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0006314543,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984901,0.0001443126,0.0006083724,0.0002830308,0.0003087384,0.0001654585],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985664,0.0005579983,0.0001603049,0.00009164893,0.0005156667,0.0001079242],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005055235,0.0003292005,0.000838539,0.00009142628,0.00009337061,0.00004663658,0.2956582,0.000005880301,0.0004864036,0.0202137,0.0002437961,0.6819423],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001680785,0.0005868904,0.004827107,0.003257412,0.0001153833,0.002311401,0.8185214,0.0004276482,0.001025312,0.01646019,0.1499606,0.0008258803],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9663583,0.01650681,0.00001241601,0.0007123064,0.009329667,0.0001553736,0.00001666489,0.00003842291,0.00687001],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9927837,0.0001703844,0.0002622245,0.0003806852,0.003670274,0.000005540022,0.00001586629,0.00002188986,0.002689446],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6811165,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6914186,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01019882749072945,"score_gpt":0.3014333091681958,"score_spread":0.2912344816774664,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}