{"id":"W4390880347","doi":"10.3390/pr12010181","title":"Variability in Physical Properties of Logging and Sawmill Residues for Making Wood Pellets","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Processes","topic":"Forest Biomass Utilization and Management","field":"Engineering","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Saskatchewan; University of British Columbia","funders":"Mitacs","keywords":"Sawdust; Pellets; Pellet; Raw material; Pulp and paper industry; Biomass (ecology); Bioenergy; Environmental science; Bulk density; Briquette; Wood fuel; Softwood; Waste management; Moisture; Materials science; Biofuel; Composite material; Chemistry; Agronomy; Coal; Soil water; Engineering; Soil science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002956765,0.000274534,0.0002973024,0.0006868198,0.0008204713,0.0008687174,0.000390919,0.0001828301,0.0008359652],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004376614,0.0001492956,0.0001351985,0.001015281,0.0003472414,0.0001633709,0.0001616355,0.0002857927,0.0002907751],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001588225,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001370312,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.2787893,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.6745431,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995776,0.00002017553,0.00001737764,0.00007659363,0.0002363213,0.00007198196],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994486,0.00007698797,0.00006371568,0.00002774553,0.0002882327,0.00009475735],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005752658,0.0001434836,0.4223296,0.0001022505,0.00006480794,0.0006146497,0.001500412,0.0006502839,0.5412998,0.0001032741,0.0003624284,0.03225388],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000002303642,0.00009397488,0.9864832,0.000005961407,0.00001380898,0.00009888509,0.000920438,0.0002253298,0.01102419,0.00001640519,0.001108056,0.000007470501],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9975108,0.00009532775,0.0003730505,0.000007399262,0.000003387267,0.00001940946,0.0003289706,0.00001139266,0.001650266],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9962627,0.0001607304,0.0008893982,0.00002181861,0.000001753174,0.00001511621,0.0009210799,0.00002082373,0.00170649],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2787893,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5543332,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01975558173068919,"score_gpt":0.2466359406801481,"score_spread":0.2268803589494589,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}