{"id":"W4391014603","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4678481","title":"Cybersecurity Investment Externality","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Information and Cyber Security","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Manitoba; RTDS Technologies (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Externality; Shock (circulatory); Computer security; Investment (military); Business; Data breach; Economics; Microeconomics; Law; Political science; Computer science; Politics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007787929,0.0003679879,0.0003458167,0.001400285,0.0003289359,0.002998305,0.0002958939,0.001173993,0.02902051],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004469434,0.0002067051,0.0004015809,0.001259929,0.0005078907,0.001966693,0.001200481,0.002016519,0.002331014],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001739284,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001159437,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00106065,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001593892,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993273,0.00010197,0.00003488582,0.0001133874,0.0002125023,0.0002099851],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9968635,0.0009264239,0.000972327,0.0002699812,0.0005123591,0.000455361],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001090576,0.000961718,0.1724289,0.0005351478,0.0004879412,0.001955879,0.0003671556,0.04720504,0.007627816,0.5521924,0.05828812,0.1568593],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002200496,0.001095626,0.2838877,0.0004544006,0.0005552321,0.00338834,0.002159733,0.05039714,0.01465323,0.3558683,0.2871879,0.0001323677],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4702426,0.001128091,0.009284746,0.008712029,0.0003880258,0.000130683,0.003045485,0.0005388823,0.5065295],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9538384,0.000822418,0.0003307655,0.0006037321,0.000148177,0.00002695676,0.0008895406,0.00003177104,0.04330827],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.02902051,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.09708333,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.007640950036187547,"score_gpt":0.2418518904580395,"score_spread":0.2342109404218519,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}