{"id":"W4391014603","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4678481","title":"Cybersecurity Investment Externality","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Information and Cyber Security","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Manitoba; RTDS Technologies (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Externality; Shock (circulatory); Computer security; Investment (military); Business; Data breach; Economics; Microeconomics; Law; Political science; Computer science; Politics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001983585,0.0001265005,0.0001032739,0.000123468,0.0001830371,0.0005682199,0.000706466,0.000051956,0.00003474136],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001651233,0.0001047694,0.0001309563,0.0002968062,0.00002836111,0.001334084,0.0001135753,0.001522155,0.000317339],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007983239,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001844519,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004460021,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001302329,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9976901,0.00007859628,0.000281082,0.0001880681,0.0003742625,0.001387874],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994786,0.00002402875,0.00006110141,0.0002627409,0.00005723441,0.0001162341],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000001719787,0.00001845115,0.0000318018,0.000006201482,0.00004068985,0.00001044478,0.001063267,0.000003200958,0.00001319371,0.9697362,0.0005343037,0.0285405],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001715716,0.00008467428,0.0002124791,0.00002261739,0.000007428691,0.001032209,0.0002196745,0.007903151,0.0001302475,0.9220648,0.06798929,0.0001618614],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.04713392,0.008481908,0.9021578,0.005468703,0.002100289,0.0001548453,0.000002128707,0.0004910826,0.03400926],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9954852,0.001074855,0.000821014,0.001284051,0.0002324437,0.000004236351,0.00000126966,0.000007364924,0.00108952],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9483513,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6613091,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.007640950036187547,"score_gpt":0.2418518904580395,"score_spread":0.2342109404218519,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}