{"id":"W4391281656","doi":"10.1093/acrefore/9780190871994.013.131","title":"Electromagnetism and Electrodynamics in the 19th Century","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"reference-entry","venue":"","topic":"Geophysics and Sensor Technology","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Electromagnetism; Classical electromagnetism; Faraday cage; Displacement current; Physics; Maxwell's equations; Electromagnetic induction; Electromagnetic field; Quantum electrodynamics; Helmholtz free energy; Magnetic field; Hertz; Diamagnetism; Electric displacement field; Electromagnetic radiation; Electromotive force; Unified field theory; Classical mechanics; Electric field; Theoretical physics; Quantum mechanics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000855822,0.0004391816,0.0003217662,0.001788842,0.002156222,0.003293679,0.0003021282,0.001246535,0.006815897],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001218805,0.0001569758,0.0001708664,0.00139939,0.009326881,0.003586314,0.001762695,0.002161504,0.001302113],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.004635034,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001161766,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004491074,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003627125,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992633,0.0003021127,0.00003612533,0.0001470842,0.0001815149,0.00006980779],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995234,0.0002250493,0.00005113641,0.00003677226,0.0001114063,0.00005220917],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001263711,0.00001471623,0.0002474552,0.00004195347,0.000003447299,0.00007677833,0.00147622,0.0001272315,0.00009746754,0.9816121,0.006225591,0.01006437],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001006072,0.0000223123,0.001087964,0.0002186283,0.000002439161,0.0002017601,0.0005637195,0.000262547,0.0001449953,0.4108977,0.5865724,0.00001555522],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.03594334,0.1570444,0.00447359,0.0254431,0.003430153,0.00002646855,0.0002817459,0.00005492702,0.7733023],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.7086825,0.09858627,0.006112455,0.009655748,0.007883772,0.00008533012,0.0003235315,0.0001040102,0.1685664],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.006815897,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.03362972,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.00339157203227706,"score_gpt":0.1784836510330619,"score_spread":0.1750920790007849,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}