{"id":"W4391368298","doi":"10.1097/ede.0000000000001711","title":"Differential Participation, a Potential Cause of Spurious Associations in Observational Cohorts in Environmental Epidemiology","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Epidemiology","topic":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","field":"Mathematics","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McGill University; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences; Public Health Ontario; University of Toronto; Health Canada","funders":"National Institute on Aging; Health Canada; Government of Canada","keywords":"Spurious relationship; Observational study; Differential (mechanical device); Selection bias; Differential effects; Econometrics; Cohort study; Population; Information bias; Cohort; Medicine; Environmental health; Statistics; Mathematics; Physics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.161787,0.0008039362,0.001669356,0.001966639,0.00248125,0.002568002,0.003262784,0.002896465,0.002766275],"category_scores_gemma":[0.4155679,0.001121306,0.002376847,0.003322944,0.006424528,0.005013708,0.004240138,0.003852665,0.0003320198],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002007888,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002938206,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.007030795,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00618488,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9153616,0.0651067,0.003684535,0.008957335,0.005659879,0.001229877],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.5207047,0.4105601,0.02384351,0.03933271,0.004727094,0.0008317659],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"methods","domain_candidate":"methods","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0006935326,0.000222653,0.2470134,0.001789292,0.002649006,0.001814111,0.008960454,0.03042537,0.001410662,0.4914806,0.004534282,0.2090067],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002740385,0.0005217127,0.05233719,0.0007415761,0.001047473,0.00167332,0.001162438,0.08654759,0.002973683,0.834134,0.01846467,0.0001223391],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"methods","genre_scores_codex":[0.09099952,0.002646247,0.894063,0.005956617,0.0003296266,0.0006038179,0.0005629227,0.0003392682,0.004498905],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.7902827,0.001024798,0.200354,0.002918362,0.0003774879,0.001426374,0.0004319628,0.0001312743,0.003053105],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":"methods","teacher_disagreement_score":0.838213,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8556215,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.4029181206769051,"score_gpt":0.4843232539837756,"score_spread":0.08140513330687049,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}