{"id":"W4391368298","doi":"10.1097/ede.0000000000001711","title":"Differential Participation, a Potential Cause of Spurious Associations in Observational Cohorts in Environmental Epidemiology","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Epidemiology","topic":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","field":"Mathematics","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McGill University; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences; Public Health Ontario; University of Toronto; Health Canada","funders":"National Institute on Aging; Health Canada; Government of Canada","keywords":"Spurious relationship; Observational study; Differential (mechanical device); Selection bias; Differential effects; Econometrics; Cohort study; Population; Information bias; Cohort; Medicine; Environmental health; Statistics; Mathematics; Physics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002867959,0.0001929341,0.001032924,0.0003333695,0.00004527593,0.00000132484,0.0001895648,0.0003355511,0.0002524985],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02125835,0.0001952725,0.0001086655,0.000333562,0.0002201553,0.0001139805,0.0001422862,0.0003420046,0.00003112603],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002429919,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004202726,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001796713,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004321858,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9954875,0.001662471,0.001724253,0.0003919843,0.0001163335,0.0006175042],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9878325,0.01112428,0.000636483,0.000309677,0.00002626593,0.00007073869],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002158575,0.0001855688,0.8932941,0.00001537204,0.00003014093,0.00001660784,0.0002084818,0.001288476,0.001014852,0.1022973,0.001264284,0.0003632761],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000220271,0.00004123943,0.5611413,0.00001415239,0.00001190919,0.000002613802,0.00002034754,0.003016918,0.0001102266,0.4353088,0.00002170709,0.00009047967],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9805078,0.00003997071,0.01676622,0.001835763,0.0001633328,0.0003911935,0.00009078388,0.0001442971,0.00006062822],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9907393,0.0001272861,0.008084071,0.0002998255,0.00006855345,0.0001949555,0.0003793009,0.00002432829,0.00008235018],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3330115,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.986986,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.4029181206769051,"score_gpt":0.4843232539837756,"score_spread":0.08140513330687049,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}