{"id":"W4391520759","doi":"10.1007/s10936-024-10038-z","title":"Discrimination of Second Language Vowel Contrasts and the Role of Phonological Short-Term Memory and Nonverbal Intelligence","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research","topic":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","field":"Psychology","cited_by":14,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Humanities Research Group, University of Windsor; University of Nicosia","keywords":"Psychology; Nonverbal communication; Short-term memory; Perception; Cognitive psychology; Speech perception; Intelligence quotient; Cognition; Test (biology); Vowel; Intonation (linguistics); Working memory; Developmental psychology; Linguistics","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004237862,0.0001052253,0.0003427573,0.000390427,0.00006511432,0.000054353,0.0003798944,0.0001398744,0.0005699869],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001049626,0.00006514176,0.00008297976,0.0002717636,0.001526014,0.00003537981,0.0001169267,0.001029077,0.000007804403],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002055185,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008672471,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001148805,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004523388,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9978224,0.0005618433,0.0005917767,0.0002195604,0.0004979736,0.000306433],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9970582,0.001964563,0.0001109425,0.000246565,0.0005008529,0.0001189163],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.009497719,0.001207441,0.01119371,0.001124234,0.001525291,0.001341105,0.2792624,0.000005447806,0.1763876,0.08331695,0.003889564,0.4312485],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.006166988,0.00534792,0.6686397,0.001586892,0.0003165327,0.003570666,0.05262053,0.003852088,0.03857062,0.2156293,0.003090062,0.0006086858],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.962359,0.025949,0.0002181972,0.0003263007,0.0007495792,0.0002080966,0.00002163407,0.000003905498,0.01016427],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9981859,0.0008863371,0.00009288643,0.00001188208,0.0003802534,0.000006915984,0.000001135045,0.00001228434,0.0004224162],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.657446,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6240957,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0615176688341357,"score_gpt":0.4436545203341129,"score_spread":0.3821368514999772,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}