{"id":"W4391768367","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4724808","title":"Partisan Language in a Polarized World: In-Group Language Provides Reputational Benefits to Speakers While Polarizing Audiences","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Media Influence and Politics","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Group (periodic table); Linguistics; Psychology; Political science; Business; Physics; Philosophy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001915015,0.0002367659,0.0004816366,0.0007570523,0.002904617,0.006806883,0.00039211,0.001391565,0.01738068],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01204526,0.0003457013,0.0002194494,0.0006895682,0.002684077,0.002958273,0.00298136,0.001573019,0.001926377],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005967427,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006685249,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001855979,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002589382,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983847,0.0006736596,0.00003153133,0.0002264599,0.0002345337,0.0004490578],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9885142,0.00364726,0.0024739,0.001126346,0.0009299294,0.003308333],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.006981288,0.003232666,0.4475739,0.0004703574,0.0005502796,0.003778851,0.06539025,0.002749174,0.0797516,0.244064,0.0222066,0.123251],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005509719,0.001220069,0.672106,0.0001203685,0.0006575616,0.001429745,0.05849072,0.008316902,0.01126425,0.2146572,0.03096086,0.0002253903],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9300495,0.00009763942,0.001359402,0.001847997,0.00004819201,0.000008393689,0.00004779701,0.00002520787,0.06651589],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9979474,0.00003026646,0.0001212746,0.0002089148,0.00004122559,0.000003583708,0.0000197983,0.00002521257,0.001602161],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01738068,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.05814421,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01919984688747334,"score_gpt":0.3283071257100539,"score_spread":0.3091072788225805,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}