{"id":"W4391853808","doi":"10.1039/d3dd00223c","title":"Review of low-cost self-driving laboratories in chemistry and materials science: the “frugal twin” concept","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Digital Discovery","topic":"Innovation and Socioeconomic Development","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":70,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Translational Impacts; Division of Physics; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Ministry of Colleges and Universities; University of Toronto; Canada Foundation for Innovation; U.S. Department of Energy; Division of Materials Research; Canada First Research Excellence Fund; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Nanotechnology; Chemistry; Materials science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["scholarly_communication"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003542458,0.00008168254,0.0001273758,0.00003671731,0.00005684641,0.001410464,0.0001280984,0.00001826981,0.00006109845],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001092774,0.00005867457,0.00001668684,0.0004536717,0.000168433,0.002825571,0.0001454204,0.00004574741,0.00002264292],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004104491,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001282134,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000006727816,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":6.971698e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993564,0.000001741923,0.0002531042,0.0001544284,0.0001118134,0.0001224616],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997483,0.00002036406,0.0000699203,0.0000876738,0.00006947621,0.000004289265],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003117136,0.0003010808,0.04967768,0.06873126,0.0001832793,0.00005112347,0.003492076,0.000008995923,0.01474685,0.7760749,0.05145195,0.0352496],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001301077,0.00001022675,0.09273468,0.0375965,0.00008352299,0.00001259947,0.00806077,0.0004392888,0.03044152,0.009621724,0.81784,0.001858047],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9718778,0.00170666,0.00001394349,0.0007327037,0.0005054603,0.0002044805,0.0000286109,0.00004476791,0.02488556],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9980412,0.0002154797,0.000005972397,0.001288789,0.0001596474,0.00001224054,0.00003338353,0.000007220786,0.0002360874],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7664532,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996262,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.005904224627769662,"score_gpt":0.2273251995539539,"score_spread":0.2214209749261842,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}