{"id":"W4391896879","doi":"10.2196/56245","title":"Investigation of Deepfake Voice Detection Using Speech Pause Patterns: Algorithm Development and Validation","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"JMIR Biomedical Engineering","topic":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":18,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Glycemic Index Laboratories","funders":"","keywords":"Preprint; Computer science; Speech recognition; World Wide Web","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000247905,0.00009383222,0.00009418025,0.0002858853,0.00003103048,0.00008604331,0.00009750642,0.0000787005,0.000007017633],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000040351,0.00008962306,0.000022228,0.0004163375,0.00001943493,0.0002814355,0.00005557096,0.00008946525,0.000008230233],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005858283,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003874386,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001155717,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001140458,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991549,0.00001683009,0.0002290659,0.0002111744,0.0002627893,0.0001252877],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996661,0.00007999557,0.00003049162,0.00009244993,0.0000308872,0.0001000586],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[4.436139e-7,0.000005794835,0.00004108694,0.0001575099,0.00001778619,0.00001524382,0.0003489585,0.00001052418,0.06652493,0.00003968318,0.000003241573,0.9328348],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00007524445,0.00001744454,0.001600654,0.0002301286,0.000005630854,0.00005591098,0.00001305765,0.666294,0.3302898,0.00004856998,0.001260624,0.0001089215],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3976344,0.00004097187,0.6018562,0.00003872496,0.0002336244,0.00006438095,0.000001338619,0.0001274023,0.000003035957],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.6648999,0.00000980112,0.3349307,0.00001975009,0.00009618096,0.0000188302,0.000007272789,0.00001108103,0.000006459938],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9327258,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3654723,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02409744204276851,"score_gpt":0.2441410869546239,"score_spread":0.2200436449118554,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}