{"id":"W4392238204","doi":"10.3390/info15030131","title":"Authorship Attribution Methods, Challenges, and Future Research Directions: A Comprehensive Survey","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Information","topic":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":29,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; York University","funders":"York University","keywords":"Attribution; Data science; Authorship attribution; Survey research; Computer science; Psychology; Applied psychology; Natural language processing; Social psychology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.04743221,0.001919125,0.002627963,0.02416645,0.003397082,0.01235876,0.003784343,0.003111773,0.005698478],"category_scores_gemma":[0.2335697,0.0008036018,0.001312766,0.03037653,0.003285546,0.02341585,0.004006236,0.003027878,0.004195843],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002634594,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003809854,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001695486,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001433064,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9492635,0.02290155,0.006420431,0.007009729,0.01325079,0.001154065],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.6294324,0.2923003,0.01796898,0.02915982,0.02804181,0.003096655],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001411529,0.0001414386,0.03843274,0.004617826,0.0001804028,0.00008211374,0.001862227,0.003075101,0.0003856675,0.03037818,0.03260465,0.8880986],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00009473289,0.0002378205,0.05137688,0.01348921,0.000416344,0.003142225,0.01098688,0.07617706,0.005732324,0.312833,0.5249836,0.0005299714],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.07190178,0.4302938,0.3960884,0.0363596,0.005824539,0.0009535691,0.01159113,0.004818629,0.04216864],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.5361188,0.2320991,0.1880758,0.003855171,0.00945791,0.001117383,0.0177746,0.001335536,0.01016578],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04743221,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2508485,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.255335490359698,"score_gpt":0.4439869260173184,"score_spread":0.1886514356576204,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}