{"id":"W4392238204","doi":"10.3390/info15030131","title":"Authorship Attribution Methods, Challenges, and Future Research Directions: A Comprehensive Survey","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Information","topic":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":29,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; York University","funders":"York University","keywords":"Attribution; Data science; Authorship attribution; Survey research; Computer science; Psychology; Applied psychology; Natural language processing; Social psychology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.006477717,0.000110447,0.0001195865,0.000422393,0.0003220787,0.0005312987,0.0002317666,0.0001784506,0.00001070133],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002437121,0.0001002404,0.00003428416,0.0009611699,0.00005068777,0.00278857,0.0001628621,0.0005157868,0.0002240458],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001078133,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009814072,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005369659,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001387741,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9975359,0.001317538,0.0002963639,0.000213408,0.0003533997,0.0002833617],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983243,0.0007426882,0.00004941578,0.0002633976,0.0005087826,0.0001114661],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000005483165,0.000003765698,0.00002229535,0.00007645704,0.00000932068,8.015173e-7,0.00384928,0.000001469757,0.00002001766,0.3187766,0.0005280499,0.6767064],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00009801654,0.00005187717,0.04189099,0.00005680429,0.000003246692,0.00003754794,0.0003982336,0.02903129,0.0003783291,0.01477879,0.9131227,0.0001521356],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.001884121,0.04724769,0.933224,0.01115819,0.002541073,0.0004421913,0.00003357407,0.0007759606,0.002693209],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.7658799,0.06171361,0.167598,0.0008859063,0.001836219,0.0003187487,0.001038869,0.00004267048,0.0006861094],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9125947,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5123326,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.255335490359698,"score_gpt":0.4439869260173184,"score_spread":0.1886514356576204,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}