{"id":"W4392239789","doi":"10.5430/elr.v13n1p8","title":"Comparative Analysis of Lexical Bundles in Dissertation Abstracts: Insights for Teaching Academic English to Chinese Students","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"English Linguistics Research","topic":"Discourse Analysis in Language Studies","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Linguistics; Academic writing; Noun; Noun phrase; Graduate students; Lexical density; Psychology; Phrase; English for academic purposes; Lexical item; Computer science; Mathematics education; Natural language processing; Pedagogy","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005022835,0.0003420626,0.000400035,0.006407503,0.001596638,0.002905319,0.0004380007,0.000355214,0.003216954],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02985926,0.0002118585,0.0003632933,0.006094254,0.001188521,0.002971519,0.002543054,0.0005236,0.000494839],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00141088,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002445346,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003247737,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.006572414,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9971769,0.001111508,0.0005143446,0.0003307521,0.0007064912,0.0001599989],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9784045,0.01149913,0.00335315,0.0009118061,0.004478436,0.001353041],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0007135422,0.0003286357,0.3433771,0.00208737,0.0001355603,0.001462298,0.2983833,0.0002055272,0.0396298,0.006104732,0.002583348,0.3049888],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003800815,0.0004439833,0.7812666,0.0005576598,0.0001982418,0.0009716544,0.1814976,0.00156762,0.00524498,0.003617782,0.02449662,0.00009925611],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9924566,0.000616274,0.001502539,0.0003649094,0.00002126542,0.00005420659,0.0001931221,0.00002472404,0.00476642],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9954031,0.0006956949,0.002016581,0.0000714711,0.00002608557,0.00008313888,0.0003267413,0.00003635704,0.00134091],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.006407503,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02656364,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.08112433535958286,"score_gpt":0.4838613808466007,"score_spread":0.4027370454870178,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}