{"id":"W4392455867","doi":"10.1007/s41781-023-00106-9","title":"Deep Generative Models for Fast Photon Shower Simulation in ATLAS","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Computing and Software for Big Science","topic":"Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":31,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"York University; University of British Columbia; Simon Fraser University; Carleton University; TRIUMF; University of Alberta; Université de Montréal; Institute of Particle Physics; University of Victoria; McGill University; University of Toronto","funders":"Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia; Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules; Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica; Science and Technology Facilities Council; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo; Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; Israel Science Foundation; Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Wirtschaft; Austrian Science Fund; European Regional Development Fund; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Ministerstvo Školství, Mládeže a Tělovýchovy; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico; U.S. Department of Energy; National Natural Science Foundation of China; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo; H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions; Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Agence Nationale de la Recherche; CERN; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; European Commission; Danmarks Grundforskningsfond; Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung; British Columbia Knowledge Development Fund; Türkiye Enerji, Nükleer ve Maden Araştırma Kurumu; National Science Foundation; Compute Canada; Canarie","keywords":"Atlas (anatomy); Large Hadron Collider; Physics; Generative grammar; Photon; Detector; Computer science; Particle physics; Event (particle physics); ATLAS experiment; Statistical physics; Artificial intelligence; Optics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00102458,0.0004827473,0.0007770672,0.0004335968,0.0004958258,0.0009354276,0.001335209,0.001361982,0.003153192],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003846656,0.0005861648,0.0007141727,0.0005317197,0.001040653,0.0007130832,0.001018163,0.001300153,0.000259404],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001705532,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001030918,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01948754,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01299575,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999727,0.0001075485,0.000008073993,0.00003504214,0.00007497769,0.00004738435],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9978739,0.001647962,0.0001094308,0.0000880141,0.0001582003,0.0001224155],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001550526,0.000004873712,0.0002298705,0.000004283401,0.000004677625,0.00001438099,0.000007864034,0.9967051,0.0001041495,0.00245924,0.00009294831,0.000356994],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000002331042,0.00000175996,0.00002995354,7.844247e-7,7.000685e-7,0.000001438489,0.000001796206,0.9990278,0.00006028042,0.0008270631,0.00004488324,0.000001175521],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5306873,0.0006122586,0.4483715,0.001815279,0.0001481376,0.0001066825,0.001240413,0.001799548,0.01521884],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9808163,0.00009375933,0.01580487,0.0001447443,0.00002126316,0.00005754061,0.0003978479,0.000110615,0.002552972],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01948754,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.0387482,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02947959814506462,"score_gpt":0.3164072398810244,"score_spread":0.2869276417359598,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). 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