{"id":"W4392708838","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4754759","title":"Product Liability Litigation and Innovation: Evidence from Medical Devices","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Product liability; Business; Liability; Product innovation; Product (mathematics); Medical device; Industrial organization; Engineering; Accounting; Mathematics; Biomedical engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.009421512,0.0003730409,0.0008115395,0.004705884,0.002317,0.00465327,0.001532824,0.007319598,0.01197064],"category_scores_gemma":[0.08455577,0.0003008211,0.0008942935,0.003907565,0.005760681,0.003573583,0.002382417,0.003489143,0.0009797366],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001839231,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002654146,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005813325,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.006263405,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9900553,0.003307448,0.0007628634,0.0008918267,0.003919807,0.001062755],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.6671778,0.27441,0.04131513,0.00592118,0.008014692,0.003161159],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.005546995,0.004899774,0.5946661,0.002029196,0.001119908,0.006495087,0.007678813,0.004606996,0.001832528,0.1520637,0.02081709,0.1982437],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002047835,0.005129275,0.7368762,0.002853869,0.002046154,0.01019911,0.009428906,0.005078019,0.005290484,0.1602877,0.06047474,0.0002876865],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8525115,0.03196334,0.00251501,0.01760129,0.0001041349,0.0001183788,0.0009355395,0.00002490821,0.09422591],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9891343,0.006612231,0.0003239703,0.001480728,0.0002236377,0.00001713072,0.0002074076,0.000004903267,0.001995793],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01197064,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.04982632,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02877940771478063,"score_gpt":0.2500321972526904,"score_spread":0.2212527895379097,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}