{"id":"W4392727019","doi":"10.3386/w32215","title":"Product Liability Litigation and Innovation: Evidence from Medical Devices","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"report","venue":"National Bureau of Economic Research","topic":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Product liability; Business; Liability; Product (mathematics); Product innovation; Industrial organization; Accounting; Mathematics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.01883765,0.0002636528,0.001098359,0.001661293,0.0001421277,0.0002915738,0.0006671977,0.0006598341,0.001925077],"category_scores_gemma":[0.008992459,0.0003524045,0.0001656934,0.0006203621,0.0007551223,0.000599017,0.000365359,0.0009637359,0.001076339],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00228407,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003512992,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01662049,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001241939,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9946265,0.0001228537,0.002714917,0.001445872,0.0006668119,0.0004231067],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9952888,0.001538576,0.001051157,0.0005474527,0.001404295,0.0001696727],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002463949,0.00005212063,0.03529815,0.0007720425,0.0002595697,0.000003737685,0.0001854048,0.00001883871,0.000008625501,0.927699,0.03391182,0.001766],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001943317,0.00005906249,0.006046531,0.0007144819,0.00001064087,0.000009729095,0.00003514527,0.0007986212,0.00007389142,0.9208371,0.0708878,0.0003326589],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1368847,0.03410726,0.00002913756,0.009908046,0.004614828,0.001346255,0.001567126,0.00006368067,0.811479],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.98645,0.005183256,0.0001258283,0.00006803945,0.004125896,0.0001606221,0.0006013421,0.00006263026,0.003222343],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8495654,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998928,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.4213128717768049,"score_gpt":0.474775752843584,"score_spread":0.0534628810667791,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}