{"id":"W4392741710","doi":"10.3390/plants13060820","title":"Comparison of Oil-Seed Shell Biomass-Based Biochar for the Removal of Anionic Dyes—Characterization and Adsorption Efficiency Studies","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Plants","topic":"Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":22,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Lakehead University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Mitacs; Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst","keywords":"Biochar; Pyrolysis; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; Adsorption; Chemistry; Lignin; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; Nuclear chemistry; Chemical engineering; Cellulose; Carbon fibers; Biomass (ecology); Organic chemistry; Materials science; Composite number; Agronomy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002072423,0.0006198679,0.0004058559,0.0004785884,0.0001339563,0.0002835355,0.0002557381,0.0003184598,0.0005828709],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00028084,0.0001662609,0.0006411524,0.0004335172,0.0001142624,0.0003109607,0.0002083343,0.000328897,0.0002905542],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001879497,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001662357,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001110826,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003572247,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998049,0.00001972517,0.00002117197,0.00003080313,0.00009251983,0.00003085208],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998879,0.00002273307,0.00002190032,0.000007067862,0.00004571149,0.00001461987],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005923945,0.00002032045,0.0002443331,0.0001290102,0.00001411789,0.00003362145,0.000008065133,0.0001706629,0.9966299,0.00002234102,0.00001142047,0.002656899],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000003706848,0.0002031706,0.002776891,0.000008282758,0.00002992047,0.0000908923,0.00002627743,0.0009748089,0.9951657,0.00001641801,0.0006962146,0.000007729124],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9905533,0.003169663,0.004538163,0.0000369369,0.00003800415,0.00003797741,0.0004002286,0.00004553041,0.001180137],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.990808,0.002048268,0.005499713,0.00003630362,0.000007143026,0.00002213128,0.0003634894,0.0000262617,0.001188759],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.001110826,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.002208769,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03655714145499799,"score_gpt":0.309428981338425,"score_spread":0.272871839883427,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}