{"id":"W4392846975","doi":"10.1016/j.joule.2024.02.021","title":"Green urea production for sustainable agriculture","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Joule","topic":"Ammonia Synthesis and Nitrogen Reduction","field":"Chemical Engineering","cited_by":116,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Medical Research Institute Sri Lanka; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Ministère de l’Éducation, Gouvernement de l’Ontario; Ministère de l’Environnement, de la Protection de la nature et des Parcs; Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation; Connaught Fund; Centrum för idrottsforskning; Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico; National Research Foundation of Korea; Lions Clubs International Foundation; Ministry of Education; Ontario Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science; Ontario Ministry of Economic Development, Job Creation and Trade; University of Toronto; National Research Foundation","keywords":"Urea; Tonne; Environmental science; Sustainability; Production (economics); Agriculture; Carbon dioxide; Fertilizer; Greenhouse gas; Ammonia; Global warming; Ammonia volatilization from urea; Chemistry; Climate change; Waste management; Engineering; Ecology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001797532,0.0002745245,0.0003108339,0.0005698077,0.0004524265,0.0006287729,0.0002651565,0.0005089078,0.005025938],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001356657,0.0001201758,0.0002037597,0.0003752599,0.0003231394,0.0008948331,0.0007151343,0.0007231127,0.001320483],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0008788197,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004119785,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005248769,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001798381,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999003,0.000008774455,0.00000276673,0.00001611962,0.0000525603,0.00001950619],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999627,0.000007235501,0.000005432252,0.000003088157,0.00001236212,0.000009088214],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001798931,0.0001901658,0.0005178287,0.0008578605,0.00002354521,0.0002909006,0.000155053,0.004454036,0.6825104,0.1191622,0.01197452,0.1796836],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0000377939,0.0003423067,0.001203125,0.0001542521,0.00002798095,0.0003255331,0.0001542651,0.01674731,0.6009791,0.03681369,0.3431586,0.00005592927],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4621442,0.1013925,0.09993555,0.008468467,0.005677662,0.0001246652,0.0005676352,0.001844057,0.3198453],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.846863,0.02639575,0.02902475,0.0005471091,0.0004490197,0.00006432045,0.0002406164,0.0002993733,0.0961161],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.005025938,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01681352,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.008395344350572596,"score_gpt":0.2244919793382502,"score_spread":0.2160966349876776,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}