{"id":"W4392846975","doi":"10.1016/j.joule.2024.02.021","title":"Green urea production for sustainable agriculture","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Joule","topic":"Ammonia Synthesis and Nitrogen Reduction","field":"Chemical Engineering","cited_by":116,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Medical Research Institute Sri Lanka; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Ministère de l’Éducation, Gouvernement de l’Ontario; Ministère de l’Environnement, de la Protection de la nature et des Parcs; Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation; Connaught Fund; Centrum för idrottsforskning; Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico; National Research Foundation of Korea; Lions Clubs International Foundation; Ministry of Education; Ontario Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science; Ontario Ministry of Economic Development, Job Creation and Trade; University of Toronto; National Research Foundation","keywords":"Urea; Tonne; Environmental science; Sustainability; Production (economics); Agriculture; Carbon dioxide; Fertilizer; Greenhouse gas; Ammonia; Global warming; Ammonia volatilization from urea; Chemistry; Climate change; Waste management; Engineering; Ecology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009161584,0.00007704453,0.00007743827,0.00003744489,0.00005915499,0.00004045369,0.00004528327,0.0000714967,0.00005351404],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006467191,0.00005717602,0.00007979467,0.0001486715,0.000007786239,0.0001722818,0.00001224208,0.00008860889,0.00004583532],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007771341,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001468019,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004957408,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002488371,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999477,0.000004248038,0.00009265761,0.0001712426,0.00007539813,0.0001795087],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997874,0.00001818562,0.00001296294,0.0000873289,0.0000598526,0.00003430586],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003353659,0.00006830914,0.00002732198,0.001067158,0.0001383076,0.00001549,0.0004402313,0.0008130698,0.7491205,0.04081002,0.190632,0.01683404],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00005818865,0.00002131961,0.00004431327,0.00003913648,0.00004812275,0.00002535904,0.0004623144,0.0041605,0.4563259,0.001289086,0.5373876,0.0001381326],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8880559,0.01618355,0.03711943,0.01755458,0.003924371,0.002838191,0.00004117168,0.003550753,0.03073203],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8562961,0.00001994723,0.00123327,0.00001940636,0.00221272,0.0001540938,0.00002471878,0.00003571082,0.140004],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3467556,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.233157,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.008395344350572596,"score_gpt":0.2244919793382502,"score_spread":0.2160966349876776,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}