{"id":"W4392854292","doi":"10.1177/25152459241231581","title":"Careless Responding: Why Many Findings Are Spurious or Spuriously Inflated","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science","topic":"Behavioral Health and Interventions","field":"Psychology","cited_by":34,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Spurious relationship; Psychology; Publishing; Graduate students; Psychological science; Applied psychology; Computer science; Cognitive psychology; Social psychology; Pedagogy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.007000525,0.0002239272,0.0003387653,0.0007914965,0.0002206107,0.0002485956,0.0006554496,0.0002371146,0.001086146],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002028882,0.0001573391,0.00005871257,0.003817431,0.0008513744,0.001713759,0.0001478743,0.001077752,0.00005082047],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000110848,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004553262,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001856607,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002951589,"domain_scores_codex":[0.996056,0.001023127,0.0006589426,0.001209347,0.0002975769,0.0007549778],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9971865,0.00185804,0.0002896327,0.0003964874,0.00005325971,0.0002160546],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0008758551,0.0004185097,0.04356791,0.00007588863,0.000005121397,0.001053081,0.001999868,0.00000603691,0.001055696,0.03290376,0.0003890149,0.9176493],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001046923,0.001727136,0.366003,0.0007341813,0.00002783496,0.0005649108,0.003438852,0.0003698136,0.0001153278,0.02171522,0.6036271,0.0006296347],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9440668,0.02494731,0.003843073,0.002693454,0.004147707,0.0004921119,0.000009680112,0.0001294084,0.01967052],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.930975,0.004284968,0.06213307,0.001242722,0.00009294764,0.0001587123,0.000001612627,0.00001783744,0.001093142],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9170196,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999827,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1437344079079627,"score_gpt":0.6319925264794342,"score_spread":0.4882581185714715,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}